The Global Information Society: a Statistical View FOR DEVELOPMEN T PA RT NERSHIP ON MEASURING ICT ESC WA UNCT AD ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR AFRICA United Nation s ES CA P The Global Information Society: a Statistical View was prepared by a consultant, Ms Sheridan Roberts, with substantive input from members of the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development. Their contributions are described below. Esperanza Magpantay and Vanessa Gray of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) provided general comments as well as data and other information on ICT infrastructure and access, and on use of ICT by households and individuals (Chapters 2 and 3). Susan Teltscher, Scarlett Fondeur Gil and Diana Korka of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) provided comments on the publication, as well as data and other information on business use of ICT, the ICT sector, ICT trade and ICT impacts (chapters 4, 5 and 7). Martin Schaaper from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) provided valuable comments on the draft. He also provided information on trade in ICT goods statistics (Chapter 5) and extracted data from the United Nations Industrial Development Organization’s INDSTAT4 database on ICT manufacturing statistics (Chapter 5). Claude Akpabie, Georges Boade and Simon Ellis of the United Nations Educational, Scientiic and Cultural Organization’s Institute for Statistics (UIS) provided the information used in Chapter 6 and for the section on the impact of ICT in educa - tion in Chapter 7. The UN regional commissions provided information on their activities in measuring the information society. Thanks are due to Doris Olaya of UNECLAC, Jean-Michel Sadoul from UNESCAP, Mansour Farah from UNESCWA and Makane Faye of UNECA. The OECD (Martin Schaaper and Brigitte van Beuzekom) and Eurostat (Albrecht Wirthmann) provided valuable informa - tion from their statistical repositories and on the ICT statistics work of their member countries. Publications and other output of the Partnership and its members were used extensively and are shown in the Bibliography. The publication was funded by the International Development Research Centre of Canada (IDRC) and the European Commission, through the @LIS project. Its production was coordinated by Martin Hilbert of the United Nations Regional Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UNECLAC). UNECLAC also formatted and printed the publication. The views expressed in this document, which has been produced without formal editing or revision, are those of the author and do not necessarily relect the oficial opinion of ECLAC, IDRC, the European Commission or the contributors listed above. The electronic version of this document can be found at: http://www.eclac.org/SocInfo. United Nations Publication LC/W.190 Copyright © United Nations, April 2008. All rights reserved Printed in Santiago, Chile – United Nations Applications for the right to reproduce this work are welcomed and should be sent to the Secretary of the Publications Board, United Nations Headquarters, New York, N.Y. 10017, U.S.A. Member States and their governmental institutions may reproduce this work without prior authorization, but are requested to mention the source and inform the United Nations of such reproduction. Preface.............................................................. 5 Chapter1.Introduction........................................................ 7 1.ObjectivesofTheGlobalInformationSociety : aStatisticalView............... 7 2.Statisticalstandardsformeasuringtheinformationsociety.................... 8 3.ThePartnershiponMeasuringICTforDevelopment......................... 9 3.1Historyandmajorachievements.................................... 9 3.2ObjectivesofthePartnership....................................... 1 1 3.3StructureofthePartnership........................................ 1 2 3.4Globalstocktakingexercise........................................ 1 2 3.5CorelistofICTindicators......................................... 1 2 3.6Capacity-buildingandtraining..................................... 1 4 4.Regionalmeasurementinitiatives........................................ 1 7 4.1Africa......................................................... 1 7 4.2Asia-Paciic.................................................... 1 7 4.3LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean................................... 1 8 4.4WesternAsiaandtheArabregion................................... 1 8 Chapter2.ICTinfrastructureandaccess.......................................... 2 1 1.Introduction......................................................... 2 1 2.Measurementstatus................................................... 2 3 3.Statisticalsummary................................................... 2 4 3.1Infrastructureandaccessstatistics................................... 2 4 3.2Regionalanalysis................................................ 2 8 Chapter3.Accessto,anduseof,ICTbyhouseholdsandindividuals................... 3 1 1.Introduction......................................................... 3 1 2.Measurementstatus................................................... 3 3 3.Statisticalsummary................................................... 3 5 3.1HouseholdaccesstoICT ......................................... 3 5 3.2IndividualuseofICT............................................. 4 1 3.3Regionalanalysis................................................ 4 7 Chapter4.UseofICTbybusinesses............................................. 5 1 1.Introduction......................................................... 5 1 2.Measurementstatus................................................... 5 3 3.Statisticalsummary................................................... 5 5 3.1BusinessICTusestatistics......................................... 5 5 3.2Regionalanalysis................................................ 6 1 Contents Chapter5.TheICT-producingsectorandinternationaltradeinICTgoods................ 6 5 1.Introduction......................................................... 6 5 2.Measurementstatus................................................... 6 8 2.1TheICTsector.................................................. 6 8 2.2TradeinICTgoods.............................................. 7 0 3.Statisticalsummary................................................... 7 1 3.1TheICTsector.................................................. 7 1 3.2TradeinICTgoods.............................................. 7 3 3.3Regionalanalysis................................................ 7 5 Chapter6.ICTineducation.................................................... 7 9 1.Introduction......................................................... 7 9 2.Measurementstatus................................................... 8 2 3.Statisticalsummary................................................... 8 4 4.Regionalactivities.................................................... 8 7 Chapter7.MeasuringtheimpactofICT.......................................... 8 9 1.Introduction......................................................... 8 9 2.StatisticalworkonmeasuringtheimpactofICT............................ 9 0 3.TheimpactofICTineducation......................................... 9 3 Chapter8.Conclusionsandfuturework........................................... 9 5 1.Conclusions......................................................... 9 5 1.1Thestateoftheinformationsociety................................. 9 5 1.2Datagapsanddeiciencies......................................... 9 6 1.3Recommendations............................................... 9 7 2.Futurework......................................................... 9 9 2.1CreationofanICTindicatorsdatabase............................... 9 9 2.2Developmentofe-governmentindicators............................. 9 9 2.3Regionalplans.................................................. 10 0 Bibliography.............................................................. 10 3 Annexe s Annex1.AvailabilityofcoreICTindicator s....................................... 10 9 Annex2.CoreindicatorsonIC T infrastructureandaccess............................ 13 5 Annex3.Coreindicatorsonaccessto,anduseof,ICTbyhouseholdsandindividuals...... 13 9 Annex4.Coreindicatorsontheus e ofICTbybusinesses............................. 14 5 Annex5.CoreindicatorsfortheICTsectorandtradeinICTgoods..................... 15 1 Annex6.OECDlistofICTgoods(2003)......................................... 15 3 5 Preface Measurementisanimportantaspectofthedebate abouttheinformationsocietyandtheroleit playsineconomicandsocialdevelopment.This publicationusesinformationandcommunication technologystatisticstoprovideaviewofthe informationsocietyinbothdevelopedand developingeconomies. Measuringinformationandcommunication technology(ICT)fordevelopmentwasamajor concernforthetwoWorldSummitsonthe InformationSociety,heldinGenevain2003 andTunisin2005.TheGeneva Plan of Action highlightedthedevelopmentof“…international performanceevaluationandbenchmarking… throughcomparablestatisticalindicatorsand researchresults…”andemphasizedmeasurement ofthemagnitudeofthenationalandinternational ‘digitaldivide’,growthoftheICTsectorand theimpactsofICTuseonwomenandgirls. Countrieswereaskedtodeveloptoolsthatwould enabletheprovisionofstatisticalinformation ontheinformationsociety,withpriorityfor “coherentandinternationallycomparable indicatorsystems”. ThePartnershiponMeasuringICTfor DevelopmentwaslaunchedinJune2004,following theirstWorldSummitontheInformationSociety, Preface andmembershaveworkedcollaborativelywith statisticalagenciesandpolicymakerstoestablish anagreedsetofstatisticalindicators(the‘corelist’) formeasuringICT.Theyalsoprovidestatistical agencieswithtechnicalassistancethatenables collectionofthestatisticsthatunderliethecore indicators.Themainobjectiveoftheseeffortsis theproductionofinternationallycomparableand reliableICTstatistics. The2005Tunisphasereiteratedtheimportance ofmeasuringthedigitaldivideandcalledfor thetrackingofprogressintheuseofICTto achieveagreedinternationalgoals.Theeffortsof the PartnershipindevelopingacorelistofICT indicatorsandpromotingstatisticalcapacity- buildingwerenotedandtheinternational communitywasinvitedtoassistinstrengthening thestatisticalcapacityofdevelopingeconomies. Aswellaspresentingavailablestatistics,this publicationassessesprogressinmeasuring theinformationsocietybyexploringthedata gapsthatremain.Whilstavailabilityofthecore indicatorsfordevelopedeconomiesisgood–and improvingforsomedevelopingeconomies–for mostofthecoreindicators,dataavailabilityin thedevelopingworldislimited.Inaddition, moreworkisrequiredbymostcountriesthat 6 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View alreadycollectcoreindicatorstobetteralign theirstatisticalprogramswiththerequirements ofthecoreindicatorsinordertoimprovethe internationalcomparabilityofICTstatistics. The Partnership’seffortsincapacity-building andawarenessraising,andtheendorsement in2007ofthecorelistofICTindicatorsby theUNStatisticalCommission,shouldleadto improvementsinthenumberofcountriesthat collectcoreICTindicatorsandthecomparability oftheindicators. Noteontheaggregationsusedinthis publication Thepublicationpresentsinformationcategorized oraggregatedby level of developmentand region . Economieshavebeenassignedtocategories basedontheUnitedNationsStatisticalDivision’s Standard country or area codes for statistical use(http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/ m49.htm).Aneconomyappearsonce(andonly once)ineach level of developmentand region broadcategory,forinstance,Japanisshownin Developed economiesandin Asia(andinno othercategories). Taiwan, ChinahasbeenaddedtotheUNSD listbecausesomeorganizationscollectrelevant informationforthiseconomy(thenameofthe economyfollowsITUpractice). Nojudgementisimpliedinallocatingeconomies tolevelsofdevelopment.Inrelationtothe classiication,UNSDnotesthat“Thereisno establishedconventionforthedesignationof “developed”and“developing”countriesor areasintheUnitedNationssystem.Incommon practice,JapaninAsia,CanadaandtheUnited StatesinnorthernAmerica,AustraliaandNew ZealandinOceania,andEuropeareconsidered “developed”regionsorareas.” Therearedifferingpracticesamonginternational organizationsforclassifyingeconomiesbylevel ofdevelopment.Asalldatainthispublication usethelistdescribedabove,someaggregates willdifferfromthoseproducedbytheindividual organizationsthatprovidedinformationforthis publication. Thedesignationofsomeeconomiesas‘developed’ or‘transition’hasrecentlychanged(asshownin the31January2008revision).However,these changesarenotrelectedinthispublicationas thepreviousversionwasused.Theeconomies affectedbytherevisionareCroatia,Bulgariaand Romania. 7 Chapter 1. Introduction 1.Theaimofthispublicationistwofold. Theirstistopresentacoherentpicture ofthestateoftheinformationsocietyin theworld.Toachievethis,thepublication presentsavailablestatisticaldatabased onacoresetofinternationallyagreed informationandcommunicationtechnology (ICT)indicators. 2.Whilesomeofthesestatisticshavebeen compiledbefore(forinstance,forasmallset ofcountriesorforalimitedsetofindicators), thisistheirstattempttocompilecoreICT indicatorsforawiderangeofcountriesand acrossalltheareascoveredbythecoreICT indicators.Theseare: •ICTinfrastructureandaccess; •Accessto,anduseof,ICTbyhouseholds andindividuals; •UseofICTbybusinesses;and •TheICTsectorandtradeinICTgoods. 3.Thesecondaimofthepublicationistoshow recentdevelopmentsinICTmeasurement and,importantly,highlighttheconsiderable gapsthatremain. 4.Thepublicationhasbeenproducedby thePartnershiponMeasuringICTfor Development,whosemembership,history andobjectivesareoutlinedlaterinthis chapter.The Partnershiparosebecauseof aglobalrecognitionoftheimportanceof ICTforsocialandeconomicdevelopment, especiallyindevelopingeconomies.The policyinterestinICTwasaccompanied byaneedformeasurement,whichwasa majorconcernforthetwoWorldSummits ontheInformationSociety.TheGeneva phasehighlightedtheimportanceof benchmarkingandmeasuringprogress towardstheinformationsocietythrough internationallycomparablestatistical indicators.Itwasfollowedbytheformation ofthe Partnership,whichwaslaunchedin June2004atUNCTADXIinBrazil. 5.Thisintroductorychapterwillconsider thebroaderstatisticalconceptsusedinthe measurementoftheinformationsociety. Itwilldiscussthe Partnership,looking atitshistory,objectives,membersand majorachievements.The Partnership’s activitiesinthedevelopmentofcoreICT indicatorsareexploredinmoredepthas isitsinvolvementincapacity-building fordevelopingandleastdeveloped economies. Chapter 1. Introduction 1. Objectives of The Global Information Society: a Statistical View 8 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View 6.TheOrganisationforEconomicCo- operationandDevelopment(OECD) starteddevelopingstatisticalstandards forinformationsocietymeasurement about10yearsago,throughitsWorking PartyonIndicatorsfortheInformation Society(WPIIS).TheWPIISprovides aforumfornationalstatisticalexperts toshareexperiencesandcollaborateon thedevelopmentofinformationsociety statisticalstandards.Itsmainachievements todateare: •Industry-baseddeinitionsofthe ICT sectorand content and mediasector (themostrecentversionsarebasedon ISICRev.4); •AnICTgoodsandanICTservices classiication(basedontheHarmonized SystemandCPCVer.2respectively); •Narrowandbroaddeinitionsof electroniccommercetransactions;and •ModelsurveysofICTusebybusinesses andhouseholds/individuals. 7.Aclassiicationforallinformationeconomy products,basedonCPCVer.2,isalmost completed.Itwillincludeupdatestothe ICTgoodsandservicesclassiications,and anewclassiicationforcontentandmedia products. 8.TheWPIIShasproducedaconceptual modelforinformationsocietymeasurement whichincludes: •ICTsupply(theICTsector); •ICTproducts,productionandtrade; •ICTinfrastructure; •ICTdemandbybusinesses,households, individualsandotherentitiessuchas governmentorganizations; •Thecontentandmediasectorandits products; •TheimpactsofICTonsociety,the economyandtheenvironment;and •Theimpactsofvariousfactors,such aspolicydecisions,onelementsofthe informationsociety. 9.Eurostathasalsobeenactiveinthearea ofdevelopingstandardsforinformation societymeasurement,mainlythrough itscommunitysurveysonICTuseby households/individualsandbusinesses.The surveyshavebeenrunningsincetheearly 2000sanduseharmonizedquestionnaires providedtomemberstatestouseintheir nationalsurveys. 10.Othermembersofthe Partnershiphave alsobeeninvolvedindevelopingstatistical standardsformeasuringtheinformation society.Inparticular,theInternational TelecommunicationUnionhasbeen activelydevelopingstandardsformeasuring infrastructureandaccessindicatorsfora numberofyears.ITU’sreferenceforthis workis Telecommunication Indicators Handbook,whichincludesdeinitionsfor alltheirtelecommunication/ICTindicators (ITU,2007a). 2. Statistical standards for measuring the information society 9 Chapter 1. Introduction 3.1 History and major achievements 11.FollowingaWSISstatisticaleventin Geneva, 1 theUnitedNationsConference onTradeandDevelopment(UNCTAD) ledthecoordinationofinternational agenciesintheareaofICTmeasurement, commencingpreparatoryworktocreatea globalpartnershiponICTmeasurement inJanuary2004.Thefoundingmembers ofthe PartnershipwereUNCTAD,the InternationalTelecommunicationUnion (ITU)andtheOECD.Discussionsquickly followedwithotheragenciesinterestedin joiningthegroup. 12.TheUnitedNationsEconomicCommission forLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean (UNECLAC)alsofollowedthroughon therecommendationsoftheWSISevent, producingadraftquestionnaireforstock- takingICTstatisticsinitsregionof responsibility. 2 Afterconsultationwith theotherUNRegionalCommissionsand relevantinternationalorganizations,the inalquestionnairewasadoptedbyfour RegionalCommissionsandUNCTAD(on behalfofUNECE)forconductingstock- takingsurveysintheirrespectiveregions. 13.On17June2004,themulti-stakeholder Partnership on Measuring ICT for DevelopmentwaslaunchedatUNCTAD XIinSaoPaulo,Brazil(UNCTAD,2004). Itsmembers,atthattime,were: 3. The Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development •Thefoundingmembers(UNCTAD, ITUandOECD); •TheUnitedNationsEducational, ScientiicandCulturalOrganization’s InstituteforStatistics(UIS); •UNECLAC; •TheUnitedNationsEconomicand SocialCommissionforWesternAsia (UNESCWA); •TheUnitedNationsEconomicand SocialCommissionforAsiaandthe Paciic(UNESCAP); •TheUnitedNationsEconomic CommissionforAfrica(UNECA); •TheUNICTTaskForce(whosemandate expiredattheendof2005);and •TheWorldBank. 14.Eurostatoficiallyjoinedthe Partnership inFebruary2005. 15.Theirstphaseofthe Partnershipranfrom June2004toDecember2005.Majorevents andachievementsduringthisperiodwere: •June2004:Presentationofa Partnership projectdocument(objectives,expected output,proposedactivities,partners’ maincontributions)( Partnership,2004) andformallaunchofthe Partnershipat UNCTADXI(SaoPaulo,Brazil). •July/August2004:Initiationofaglobal stocktakingexercisethroughametadata questionnaireonICTstatisticssent byUNECA,UNECLAC,UNESCAP, 10 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View UNESCWAandUNCTAD(onbehalf ofUNECE)tostatisticalagencies indevelopingmembercountries.A parallelexerciseforOECDmember countrieswasorganizedbytheOECD, withinputfromEurostat. •OctobertoDecember2004:Regional workshopswereheldinWesternAsia, Africa,andLatinAmericaandthe Caribbean(organizedbyUNESCWA, ITU/UNECAandUNECLAC/Institute forConnectivityintheAmericas respectively).Participantsconsidered theresultsofthemetadataquestionnaire anddiscussedinformationsociety measurementactivitiesintheirregions. Importantoutcomesfromthese workshopswererecommendationsfor acommoncoresetofICTindicators. Inputstothecorelistwerealsoreceived throughothermeans(suchasviae-mail andanAsia-PaciicICTstatisticians meetingheldinNewZealandin December2004).Theendresultwas asetofrecommendationsoncoreICT indicatorsforinputintoaWSISthematic meetingheldinFebruary2005. •February2005:WSISThematicMeeting onMeasuringtheInformationSociety heldinGenevaundertheumbrellaof the Partnership,toproduceinputto thesecondphaseoftheWSISinTunis (November2005).Theoutcomesof themeetingincludedagreementona corelistofICTindicators( Partnership, 2005a),withagreementtodevelop othersthatwouldrelectthebroader informationsociety(inareassuchas education,healthandgovernment). •March2005:Presentationofthecore listofICTindicatorsanda Partnership progressreporttothemeetingofthe UNStatisticalCommission(NewYork) ( Partnership,2005b). •JuneandOctober2005:Regional meetingsinWesternAsiaandLatin AmericaandtheCaribbean(organized byUNESCWA/ITUandUNECLAC respectively). •November2005:SecondphaseofWSIS inTunis.AParallelEventonMeasuring theInformationSocietywasorganized bythe Partnershipandheldon15 November.Thisglobaleventbrought togetherICTstakeholdersatnational, regionalandinternationallevels.The objectivesofthemeetingwere: -Topresenttheagreedcorelist ofindicatorstopolicymakers, togetherwithanaccompanying methodologicalpublication( Core ICT Indicators, Partnership,2005c); -Todebatetheimportanceof measuringtheinformationsocietyfor ICTpolicymakinganddevelopment; and -Tolaunchthepublication, Measuring ICT: The Global Status of ICT Indicators( Partnership,2005d);this publicationpresentstheresultsofthe globalstocktakingexerciseonICT indicatorscarriedoutduring2004. 16.Thesecondphaseofthe Partnershipstarted inJanuary2006andwillrununtilaboutthe middleof2008.TheoutcomesoftheWSIS Tunis(November2005)wereincorporated intotheplanningofthesecondphaseofthe Partnership . 17.Byearly2008,theachievementsduring thesecondphaseinclude: •The Partnershipsubmittedareport containingashortoverviewofitsrecent workandthecorelistofICTindicators tothe38thsessionoftheUNStatistical Commission(February2007).The Commissionendorsedthe Partnership corelistandencouragedcountriestouse itintheirdatacollectionprogrammes ( Partnership,2007;UNSC,2007). TheCommissioncongratulatedthe Partnershiponitsachievementsand noteditasanexampleofsuccessful cooperationbetweeninternational organizations. •AcorelistofindicatorsforICTin educationhasbeenproposedbyUIS (whichleadsthe Partnership’sTask 11 Chapter 1. Introduction GrouponEducation).Thislistwillbe consideredforinclusioninthecorelist during2008. •Severalregionalmeetingson informationsocietymeasurementhave occurredsincetheWSISTunis.They aredescribedin Capacity-building and trainingbelow. 3 •Aprogrammeontechnicalassistance andcapacity-buildingfordeveloping economieshasbeenestablishedandis beingcarriedoutbyindividualmembers ofthe Partnershipduringthesecond phase(describedinCapacity-building andtrainingbelow). •AMemorandumofUnderstandingwas signedbythepartnersin2007,with theobjectiveoffurtherstrengthening theinstitutionalcommitmentofthe partnersandtoprovideguidelines tonewmemberswishingtojointhe Partnership . Box 1. The Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development Launched: June2004atUNCTADXI(SaoPaulo,Brazil). Current members: UNCTAD,ITU,OECD,UIS,UNECLAC,UNESCWA, UNESCAP,UNECA,EurostatandTheWorldBank. Objectives: ToachieveacommonsetofcoreICTindicators,tobe harmonizedandagreeduponinternationally,whichwill constitutethebasisforadatabaseonICTstatistics; Toenhancethecapacitiesofnationalstatisticalofices indevelopingeconomiesandtobuildcompetenceto developstatisticalcompilationprogrammesonthe informationsociety,basedoninternationallyagreed indicators;and TodevelopaglobaldatabaseofICTindicatorsandto makeitavailableviatheInternet. Memorandum of Understanding: Signedbythepartnersin2007inordertofurther strengthentheircommitmentandtoprovideguidelines topotentialnewmembers. Structure: ASteeringCommittee(consistingofITU,UNCTAD andUNECLAC)plusfourtaskgroups(onICT ineducationindicators,e-governmentindicators, capacity-buildinganddatabasedevelopment). 3.2 Objectives of the Partnership 18.The Partnershipprovidesanopen frameworkforcoordinatingongoingand futureactivities.Itisajointeffortamong thestakeholdersinvolvedandassumes equalityofthepartners.Theoriginal objectivesofthe Partnershipareshownin Box1above. 19.Theobjectivesofthesecondphasebuild onthoseoftheirst,andareasfollows: •Continuetoraiseawarenessamong policymakersontheimportanceof statisticalindicatorsformonitoring ICTpoliciesandcarryingoutimpact analysis; •Expandthecorelistofindicatorsto otherareasofinterest,suchasICTin education,governmentandhealth; •Conducttechnicalworkshopsatthe regionalleveltoexchangenational experiencesanddiscussmethodologies, deinitions,surveyvehiclesanddata collectionefforts; •Assiststatisticalagenciesindeveloping economiesintheirICTdatacollection anddisseminationefforts,including thedevelopmentofnationaldatabases tostoreandanalysesurveyresults (during2006,aneedsassessmentwas undertaken,asaresultofwhichmore than50requestsfortechnicalassistance havebeenreceived);and 12 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View •DevelopaglobaldatabaseofICT indicatorsandmakeitavailableonthe WorldWideWeb. 3.3 Structure of the Partnership 20.Severalstructuralimprovementswere introducedtothe Partnershipearlyinthe secondphase.ASteeringCommitteewas electedtohelpcoordinateactivitiesand promotetheworkofthe Partnership.The Committeepresentsa‘publicface’for the Partnership.Itprovidessecretariat functions,coordinatestheworkprogramme ofthe Partnership,initiatesandcoordinates various Partnershipactivities,andreviews applicationsfrompotentialnewmembers. ThecurrentmembersoftheSteering CommitteeareITU,UNCTADand UNECLAC. 21.Atthesametime,fourtaskgroupswere createdtoaddressspeciicobjectivesand activitiesofthe Partnership.Eachtask groupisledbyavolunteerorganization anditsmembersareinterestedpartners. Thetaskgroupsare: •TheTaskGrouponEducation(ledby UIS)whoseobjectiveistodevelopa planofactivitytocollectacoredata setofindicatorsontheroleofICTin education; •TheTaskGrouponeGovernment (ledbyUNECA)whoseobjectiveis tocoordinateandfurtherdevelopthe variousactivitiesofthepartnersinthe areaofe-governmentindicators; •TheTaskGrouponCapacity-building (ledbyUNCTAD)whoseobjectiveis tocoordinateandfurtherdevelopthe variousactivitiesofthepartnersin theareaofcapacity-buildingonICT measurementindevelopingcountries; and •TheTaskGrouponDatabase Development(ledbytheWorldBank), theobjectiveofwhichistocoordinate andfurtherdevelopthevariousactivities ofthePartnersintheareaofdatabase developmentforICTindicators. 3.4 Global stocktaking exercise 22.Anearlyachievementofthe Partnership wastheconductofanexercisedesigned toassessthestateofICTstatisticsand identifybestpracticesinUNeconomies. 23.Thestocktakingexercisewascarriedout during2004andwasundertakenbyfour UNcommissionsfortheirrespective regions(UNECA,UNECLAC,UNESCAP andUNESCWA).Thequestionnaireswere senttostatisticalagenciesofmember economies,excludingOECDcountries (OECDprovidedmetadatainformation inrespectofitsmembercountries). UNCTADsentthequestionnairetoUnited NationsEconomicCommissionforEurope (UNECE)economiesnotcoveredbythe OECDorEurostat. 24.Whiletheexerciseproducedsomevaluable information,theresponseforsomeregions wasdisappointingandnodoubtaffectedthe reliabilityofthestatisticsgeneratedfrom theexercise.Ofthe169economiesthat weresentquestionnaires,86responded(51 percent).Responseratesvariedbyregion, rangingfrom37percent(Africa)to79per cent(WesternAsia). 25.Theresultsofthestock-takingexercise werepublishedin Partnership(2005d). AsummarycanbefoundinAnnex4of OECD(2007a). 3.5 Core list of ICT indicators 26.Amajoraimofthe Partnershipatits inceptionwasthedevelopmentofa corelistofICTindicatorsthatcouldbe collectedbyallcountries.Anumberof regionalworkshopsonICTmeasurement wereheldaftertheGenevaphaseofWSIS andincludeddiscussionofregionalICT indicatorsofinteresttopolicymakers. Outcomesofthesemeetingsincluded 13 Chapter 1. Introduction regionalcoreliststhatwerepresented forinformationtotheUnitedNations StatisticalCommissionatitsmeetingof March2005( Partnership,2005b).The Partnershipconsolidatedaglobalcorelist andcirculatedittoallnationalstatistical ofices(NSOs)forfurthercomment.A inallistwasdiscussed,andagreedon,at theWSISThematicMeetingonMeasuring theInformationSociety,heldinGenevain February2005. 27.Thelist(publishedas Core ICT Indicators) wasoficiallypresentedatthesecondphase ofWSIS,heldinTunisinNovember2005, duringtheParallelEventonMeasuring theInformationSociety.Sincethen,the listhasbeendisseminatedwidelyand nowservesasabasisforthe Partnership’s workonmeasuringICT.Thecorelistwas endorsedbytheUnitedNationsStatistical Commission(UNSC)atitsthirty-eighth meetingofMarch2007(UNSC,2007). 28.Thecorelistformsthebasisfordata presentedinthispublication,whichisthe irstcomprehensivecompilationofcore ICTindicatordata. 29.Thereare41coreICTindicatorsinfour groupsasfollows: •ICTinfrastructureandaccess(12 indicators,seeAnnex2); •Accessto,anduseof,ICTbyhouseholds andindividuals(13indicators,see Annex3); 4 •UseofICTbybusinesses(12indicators, seeAnnex4);and •TheICTsectorandtradeinICTgoods (4indicators,seeAnnex5). 30.Themainpurposeofthecorelististohelp countriesthataredevelopingICTsurveys –oraddingICTquestionstoexisting collections–toproducehighqualityand internationallycomparabledata.Inorder toachievethisobjective,theindicators haveassociatedstandardsandmetadata including: •Deinitionsofterms(e.g. computer, the Internet);thesecanbefoundinthe annexesreferencedabove; •Modelquestions; •Calculationofindicators(e.g.use ofappropriatedenominatorsfor calculatingproportions); •Classiicatoryvariables(e.g.business sizeforbusinessICTusecore indicators;genderforindividualICT usecoreindicators);thesecanbefound inannexes3and4; •Adviceonparticularstatisticalissues (suchasthemeasurementofe- commerce); •Collectionscope(e.g.bybusinesssize orindustry,ageofindividuals);and •Limitedrecommendationson methodology(e.g.statisticalunits, surveyvehicles). 31.Whilstthecorelistisnotmandatory, itsusehasbeenrecommendedbythe UNSC.Importantly,thelistisnotlimiting −countrieswillalsoneedtorespondto nationalpolicyneedsandthesemayonly bepartiallycoveredbythecorelist. 32.Eachindicatorisnominatedaseither‘basic core’or‘extendedcore’,wherethelatter areconsideredmoresuitableforcountries withrelativelyadvancedICTstatistical systems( Partnership,2005c). 33.ThedevelopmentofICTindicatorsisa continuingprocessandthe Partnershipwill reviewthelistperiodically.Forexample, someminorrevisionshavebeenproposed totheICTbusinessindicatorsinlinewith progressmadeelsewhere(inparticular byEurostat).Ongoingworkincludes thedevelopmentofnewICTindicators –especiallyintheareasofeducation andgovernment.Thesearelikelytobe discussedataglobalmeetinginmid2008. 14 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View 3.6 Capacity-building and training 34.Akeyobjectiveofthe Partnershipisto assiststatisticalagenciesofdeveloping economiestocollectanddisseminate ICTdata.The Partnership’sTaskGroup onCapacity-buildingisledbyUNCTAD, whichhasconductedastocktakingexercise onthecapacity-buildingrequirements ofdevelopingeconomies.UNCTAD alsomaintainsaregisterofICTstatistics expertswhoareabletoprovideassistance todevelopingeconomies. 35.Inanefforttoimprovetheavailabilityof internationallycomparableICTstatistics, offersoftechnicalassistancepresumea commitmentbytherecipienteconomyto followthecorelistofICTindicators. 36.UNCTADreleasedthe Manual for the Production of Statistics on the Information Economy(UNCTAD,2007a)inNovember 2007.The ManualisareferenceforNSOs andotherproducersofoficialstatistics ontheinformationeconomy.Itcovers datacollectionandanalysistechniques; statisticalstandards,includingdeinitions andmodelquestions;methodological adviceonstatisticalissuesofparticular interesttodevelopingcountries,and institutionalaspectsofthestatistical process.The Manualisthesubjectof consultationwithNSOsworldwide,with aviewtosubmittingarevisedversionfor approvalbytheUNStatisticalCommission in2009. 37.UNCTADhasalsodevelopedatraining courseonmeasuringtheinformation economy.Thetrainingcourse,whichwas developedundertheframeworkofthe UNCTAD TrainForTradeprogramme,is basedontheUNCTAD Manualdescribed aboveandincludespresentationslides,a participant’shandbook,groupexercises, testsandevaluationquestionnaires. 38.ITUisplanningtoreleaseacomplementary manualandtrainingcourseonthe productionofhouseholdICTstatisticsin 2008. 39.Partnersalsorunregionalcapacity- buildingworkshopsandtrainingcourses. Recentexamplesare: •RegionalWorkshoponMeasuringthe InformationSociety,11-12February 2008,SanSalvador,ElSalvador. Theworkshopwasorganizedby UNECLAC,withthesupportof UNCTAD,theNSOandtheMinistry ofEconomicsofElSalvador.The OSILACinformationsystemandNSO experiencesinthecollectionofICT statistics,werepresented.Agreements ontheharmonizedpresentationof indicatorswerereachedandfourworking groupswerecreatedtoworkon,among otherthings,methodologicalissuesand proposalsfornewindicators. •TrainingcourseontheProduction ofStatisticsfortheInformation EconomyforAsia,18-22February 2008,Incheon,RepublicofKorea.The coursewasorganizedbyUNCTAD andhostedbytheUNESCAPAsiaand PaciicTrainingCentreforInformation andCommunicationTechnologyfor Development,incollaborationwiththe UNStatisticalInstituteforAsiaand Paciic. •TheUNCTADtrainingcourseon theProductionofStatisticsforthe InformationEconomywasirst deliveredinColombiainDecember 2007,incooperationwiththeCentro AndinodeAltosEstudios(CANDANE) forthemembercountriesoftheAndean CommunityandUNECLAC. •CapacityBuildingWorkshopon InformationSocietyStatistics: InfrastructureandHouseholdIndicators, 6-8November2007,Bangkok, Thailand.Theworkshopwasjointly organizedbyITU,UNESCAPandthe Asia-PaciicTelecommunity(APT). Theworkshopcovereddeinitions, collectionmethodologiesanddata 15 Chapter 1. Introduction collectionissuesforICTstatistics, withanemphasisoninfrastructure andhouseholdICTstatistics.The workshopwasaddressedprimarilyto staffofNSOswhoareresponsiblefor informationsocietymeasurement,as wellasrepresentativesofministriesand regulatoryagencieswhoareproducers and/orusersofICTstatistics. •Atrainingcourse,HowtoEstablish anICTIndicatorsDatabase,took placefrom29Octoberto2November 2007,inIndonesia.Thetrainingtaught statisticiansanddatacollectors(from theNSOandthetelecommunication regulatoryauthority)aboutITU’s deinitionandcollectionof telecommunication/ICTindicators,as wellascollectionanddissemination ofICTstatisticscollectedusingan ICThouseholdsurvey.Thetraining includeddiscussionsonthedeinitionof telecommunication/ICTindicators,data collectiontechniques,andexamples ofhowtocompilecountrydatausing companyannualreports. •Capacity-BuildingWorkshopon InformationSocietyMeasurements: HouseholdandBusinessSurveys,June 2007,Cairo,Egypt.Theworkshop wasjointlyorganizedbyUNESCWA, UNCTAD,OECD,theITUArab RegionalOfice,theLeagueofArab StatesandtheEgyptianMinistryof CommunicationsandInformation Technology.Itfocusedonthetechnical andmethodologicalaspectsofcapacity- buildingandontheuseofsurveys forthecollectionofdataforthecore indicatorsonICTusebyhouseholds andbusinesses.Inaddition,participants discussedglobalandregional experiencesinICTmeasurementand statisticsontheICTsector. •RegionalWorkshoponInformation SocietyMeasurementinAfrica, March2007,AddisAbaba,Ethiopia. Theworkshopwasjointlyorganized byUNCTAD-UNECA-ITUandbuilt ontheworkofthe Partnershipand theScan-ICTmeasurementproject, andaimedtoadvancetheavailability ofcomparableICTdataforAfrica. Theeventallowedstatisticiansand policymakerstodiscusstheneedfor comparabledataontheinformation societyandsharebestpracticesinICT measurementattheregionallevel.The meetingalsodiscussedpossiblecore indicatorsfore-government,reviewed theresultsachievedandchallenges encounteredintheimplementationof PhaseIIofScan-ICTandidentiied technicalassistanceneeds.Theworkshop providedpracticalrecommendationson policies,programmesandmechanisms formonitoringandmeasuringregional informationsocietydevelopmentwith theaimofpromotingtheproductionof comparableICTindicatorsforeffective ICTpolicymaking. •ExpertGroupMeetingonICT IndicatorsAdoptionandData Collection:ICTIndicatorsinEducation andE-government,February2007, Cairo,Egypt.Themeetingwasjointly organizedbyUNESCWA,UNESCO InstituteforStatistics(UIS),the KnowledgeManagementBranch/ DPADM/UNDESA,andtheCabinet InformationandDecisionSupport Center(IDSC).Themeetingconsidered aproposalfromUISforcoreindicators ontheuseofICTineducationfor possibleendorsementandadoption intothe PartnershiplistofcoreICT indicators.Italsoprovidedaforum fordisseminatingcasestudiesand presentingproposalsforindicators ontheuseofICTbygovernment, therebypavingthewayforestablishing apreliminaryregionallisttostart collectingdatafortheseindicators. •AnUNCTADtrainingcourse,January 2007,Bangkok,Thailand.UNCTAD andtheThaiNationalStatisticalOfice carriedoutajointresearchprojectto measuretheimpactoftheadoption 16 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View anduseofICTontheproductivityof Thaiirms.Thetrainingcoursewason applyingeconometricmethodstoICT dataanalysisandfollowedaconference heldthepreviousdayonMeasuring ICT. •Capacity-BuildingWorkshopon InformationSocietyMeasurements: CoreIndicators,StatisticsandData Collection,December2006,Amman, Jordan.Theworkshopwasorganized bytheITUArabRegionalOfice,the JordanianMinistryofICT,UNESCWA andtheArabInstituteforTraining andResearchinStatistics(AITRS).It aimedtobuildontheoutcomesofthe GenevaandTunisphasesoftheWSIS andconsideredimplementationof thedecisionsendorsedbytheearlier capacity-buildingworkshopheldin theregion,inJune2005.Inaddition, participantsexploredthestepsnecessary forfulillingmandatesoutlinedinthe ArabInitiativethatwaspresentedat thefourthWorldTelecommunication DevelopmentConference(Doha,7-15 March2006). •TheThirdRegionalWorkshopon InformationSocietyMeasurement inLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean, November2006,Panama.Theworkshop highlightedtheprogressmadein collectingICTdataviahouseholdand businesssurveys.Themeeting,which includedparticipantsfromNSOs, ministriesandregulatoryagencies, alsodiscussedcapacity-buildingand technicalassistancerequirements.The workshopwasorganizedbyUNECLAC withthesupportofITUandtheNSO fromPanama. •TrainingonInformationandCommu - nicationsTechnologymeasurementin Panama,November2006(priortothe ThirdRegionalWorkshop).Thetrai - ningwaspromotedbyUNECLAC,and presentedbyStatisticsCanada. •TheJointUNCTAD–ITU–UNESCAP RegionalWorkshoponInformation SocietyMeasurementsinAsia- Paciic,July2006,Bangkok,Thailand. TheWorkshopallowedparticipants (representativesfromNSOs,ministries andregulatoryagencies)todiscuss theneedforcomparabledataonthe informationsocietyandtosharebest practicesinICTmeasurementatthe regionallevel.Themeetingfocused onthecoreICTindicators,deinitions, methodologiesanddatacollection issues.Inaddition,itidentiiedtechnical assistanceneedsinthisarea. 17 Chapter 1. Introduction 4.1 Africa 40.TheAfricanInformationSocietyInitiative 5 (AISI),adoptedin1996,isthebasisof UNECA’sworkonpromotingICTas amotorforAfricandevelopment.At theinceptionofAISI,itwasrecognised thatregionaleffortstoharnessICTfor developmentwouldonlyberealizedif nationsimplementedeffectivemeasurement tools.Currently,reliablestatistical indicatorsforcollectingandcompiling dataontheimpactofICTinAfricaare scarcebecausemostAfricannationslack basicinformationonkeyICTandrelated economicandsocialindicators. 41.Torespondtothischallenge,theScan- ICTInitiativewaslaunchedinNovember 2000asacollaborativeprojectbetween theAcaciaprogrammeoftheInternational DevelopmentResearchCentre(IDRC) andUNECA.Phase1oftheinitiative aimedtomonitorthepenetration,impact andeffectivenessofICTinsixAfrican countriesandtherebyassistmember statestodevelopnationalinformation societiesandeconomiesbydevelopingand compilingsuitablestatisticalindicators. 42.Theirstphaseendedin2004and involvedpilotsurveysinEthiopia,Ghana, Mozambique,Morocco,Senegaland Uganda.Thesurveysaddressededucation, health,publicadministrationandthe privatesector/privateICTirms.Major indingsincluded: •ICTpenetrationisgenerallyhigher ineducationalinstitutionsandpublic administrationfacilitiesthaninhealth institutions; •WhilemanyinstitutionsreportICT use,frequentlyonlyafewstaffin eachinstitutionactuallypossessthat capability; •Ashortageofqualiiedstaffappearsto beacriticalissueinallareas;and •Theproportionofinstitutionswith websitesislowandthecontentofthe sitesisfrequentlylimitedtogeneric information.Thus,theresourcesof theInternetasatoolforbusinessand commercehaveyettomakeasubstantive impactinthepilotcountries. 43.TheScan-ICTsurveyresultsshowthatthe sixpilotcountriesarefollowingdifferent ICTdevelopmentpatternsthathave resultedindifferentwaysofaddressing ICTchallenges.Insomecases,building infrastructurehasbeenemphasized,while inothers,thefocusisoneducation/training andastrongskillsbase. 4.2 Asia-Paciic 44.SeveralresearcheffortsofUNESCAPhave attemptedtocharacterizethesupportive environmentforICTintheregion,including itsuse.However,theseeffortshavebeen impairedbylackofdata.UNESCAP (2006),attemptedtosolvesuchproblems bycomputingavalueofthe(UNDP) 4. Regional measurement initiatives 18 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View HumanDevelopmentIndex(HDI),aswell asaseparateConnectionIndex(CI),which usesdataonixedandmobiletelephone users,andInternetusers.Theindexesare availableforallUNESCAPmemberand associatemembereconomies.TheHDI canbeusedtosummarizetheenabling environmentandtheCIthedeliveryofICT resultstothepeopleofeconomiesofthe region. 45.The Statistical Yearbook for Asia and the Paciic 2007(UNESCAP,2007)presented arangeofcurrentICTstatisticsforthe region. 4.3 Latin America and the Caribbean 46.InresponsetoalackofregionalICTdata, in2003,UNECLACandtheInstitutefor ConnectivityintheAmericas(ICA)of theInternationalDevelopmentResearch CentreofCanada(IDRC)createdthe ObservatoryfortheInformationSociety inLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean (OSILAC).Themainobjectiveofthe Observatoryistofosterthedevelopment ofICTstatisticsinLatinAmericaandthe Caribbean.TheObservatoryoperatesunder theumbrellaoftheStatisticalConference oftheAmericasofUNECLACandworks withmembersofthe Partnershipand NSOsoftheregiontoachieveharmonized measurementofaccessto,anduseof, ICTataregional,nationalandlocallevel. Since2005,additionaldonoragencies havejoinedtheeffort;theyincludedthe EuropeanCommissionthroughthe@LIS programoftheEuropeAidCo-operation Ofice.Inthesameyear,countriesofthe regionadoptedaplanofactionthatcalled onparticipantsto“Supportandfoster, withtechnicalco-operationprogrammes, institution-buildingandmethodological strengtheningandthedevelopmentof ICTaccessanduseindicators...”andto “carryoutannualtechnicalseminars,with theparticipationofnationalandregional statisticalagencies,suchasthoseofthe ObservatoryfortheInformationSociety inLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean (OSILAC)”. 6 4.4 Western Asia and the Arab region 47.Theregionhasbeeninvolvedinanumber ofcapacity-buildingworkshops/meetings relatingtoICTmeasurement(theseare listedabove). 48.Followingtherecommendationsofone suchmeeting(the Expert Group Meeting on ICT Indicators Adoption and Data Collection: ICT Indicators in Education and E-government,heldinFebruary2007), UNESCWA,incollaborationwiththe ArabInstituteforTrainingandResearchin Statistics(AITRS),hastranslatedthecore listofICTindicatorsintoArabicforwider disseminationintheArabregion. 49.Inaddition,UNESCWAandAITRS havepublished,inArabic,abooklet entitled Guidelines for ICT Indicators Measurement(UNESCWA,2007a).This bookletconstitutestheirststeptowards thestandardizationofthemeasurement processforICTindicators. 50.SeveralUNESCWAmembereconomies collectICTstatisticsintheareasofICT expenditure(includingitspercentage ofGDP)andexportsofICTservices. ThestatisticscanbefoundontheWorld DevelopmentIndicators2007CD-ROM (WorldBank,2007)intables4.2 Structure of output,5.11 The Information Ageand4.6 Structure of service exports.Ananalysisof thesestatisticscanbefoundinUNESCWA (2007b). 19 Chapter 1. Introduction Notes 1 JointUNECE/UNCTAD/UIS/ITU/OECD/EurostatsideeventtoWSISon“MonitoringtheInformationSociety”, December2003,Geneva. 2 Thiswaspresentedtoaninter-agencycoordinationmeetingoninformationsocietystatisticsattheoccasionofthe thirty-ifthsessionoftheUNStatisticalCommission,NewYork,5March2004. 3 SeealsoUNCTAD’swebsite:http://new.unctad.org/templates/calendar____631.aspx. 4 A‘referenceindicator’,HHR1,ontheproportionofhouseholdswithelectricityisalsopartofthisset.However, feweconomiescollectit. 5 www.uneca.org/aisi. 6 PlanofActionfortheInformationSocietyinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeaneLAC2007,June2005,goals26.1 and26.3. 21 Chapter 2. ICT infrastructure and access Table 1. Core indicators on ICT infrastructure and access Basic core indicators A1Fixedtelephonelinesper100inhabitants A2Mobilecellulartelephonesubscribersper100inhabitants A3Computersper100inhabitants A4Internetsubscribersper100inhabitants A5BroadbandInternetsubscribersper100inhabitants A6InternationalInternetbandwidthperinhabitant(bits) A7Percentageofpopulationcoveredbymobilecellulartelephony A8Internetaccesstariffs(20hourspermonth),inUS$(A8a),andasapercentageof per capita income(A8b) A9Mobilecellulartariffs(100minutesofusepermonth),inUS$(A9a),andasapercentageof per capitaincome(A9b) A10PercentageoflocalitieswithpublicInternetaccesscentres(PIACs)bynumberofinhabitants (rural/urban) Extended core indicators A11Radiosetsper100inhabitants A12Televisionsetsper100inhabitants Source: Core ICT Indicators ( Partnership , 2005c). 51.Thedatapresentedinthischapterare basedonthecore ICT infrastructure and accessindicators,whichareshowninTable 1belowanddeinedinAnnex2.These indicatorsarecollectedbytheInternational TelecommunicationUnion(ITU)andare publishedinthe World Telecommunication/ ICT Indicators Database(ITU,2007b) Chapter 2. ICT infrastructure and access 1. Introduction 22 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View andotherpublicationssuchasthe World Telecommunication/ICT Development Report(ITU,2006).Theyaredeined inITU’s Telecommunication Indicators Handbook(ITU,2007a),withthegoalof assistingthestandardizationofstatisticsin thisield. 52.Givenrapidchangesintheareaof telecommunicationsandICT,itis necessaryfortheindicatorstobeupdated regularly.Changesarediscussed,and revisedindicatorsadopted,atITU’sWorld Telecommunication/ICTIndicators(WTI) meeting,whichisorganizedregularly.The ifthWTImeetingtookplaceinOctober 2006andapprovedarevisedversionofthe Telecommunication Indicators Handbook (ITU,2007a).ThesixthWTImeeting washeldinDecember2007andincluded discussionofindicatorstomeasure communityaccessandtorelectnewer technologiesandservices,particularly theuptakeofmobilebroadband.The discussionsdidnotresultinmodiications totheindicatordeinitions. 53.ITUcollectsdatafromseveralsources butmainlythroughanannualsurveyof telecommunicationauthorities,telecommu- nication/ICTMinistriesandsomeoperators. Additionaldataareobtainedfromreports providedbytelecommunicationregulatory authorities,ministriesandoperators,and fromITUstaffreports.Insomecases, estimatesarederivedfromITUbackground documentsorotherreferences(ITU,2003; 2007b). 23 Chapter 2. ICT infrastructure and access 54.AsTable2shows,dataontheinfrastructure andaccessindicators(A1–A9)arewidely available.Dataforthethreeindicators, A10–12areavailableforasmaller proportionofeconomies,withtheleast availableindicatorbeingA10(‘percentage oflocalitieswithpublicInternetaccess centres(PIACs)bynumberofinhabitants (rural/urban)’)thatisavailableforonly 12percentofeconomies. 1 Thereason fortherelativelyhighavailabilityofthe otherinfrastructureandaccessindicators isthattheunderlyingstatisticsare basedonadministrativedatacollected bytelecommunication/ICTregulatory authoritiesorministriesdirectlyfrom serviceproviders,ratherthanfromICT usersdirectly. 55.ITUcollectsandpublishesamuchlargerset oftelecommunication/ICTindicatorsthan thesetofcoreindicators.Theseareavailable fromtheWorldTelecommunication/ICT IndicatorsDatabase(ITU,2007b). 56.Annex1showstheavailabilityofindicators A1–A12forindividualeconomies. 2. Measurement status Table 2. Summary of global measurement status by level of development: 2 ICT infrastructure and access 3 IndicatorDevelopedTransitionDevelopingLeastTotalnumberof economieseconomieseconomiesdevelopedeconomieswith economieseachindicator Proportionofeconomieswitheachindicator A184%100%89%94%214 A286%100%90%98%218 A369%89%83%94%197 A467%68%58%66%148 A580%89%67%88%180 A690%100%97%100%229 A771%84%57%36%137 A8a67%89%70%88%178 A8b67%89%67%86%173 A9a76%89%77%84%188 A9b67%89%69%82%174 A104%11%14%16%29 A1112%26%31%66%81 A1235%32%43%52%100 Total491912050238 economies Source: ITU (see Annex 1 for more detail). 24 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View 3.1 Infrastructure and access statistics 57.Therearetwobroadtypesofinfrastructure andaccessindicators–thosewhereahigher valueimpliesabettersituationintermsof ICTinfrastructureandaccessdevelopment (the‘positive’indicators)andthosewhere alowervalueusuallyindicatesabetter situation(tariffindicators).Indicators A1toA7,andA10toA12are‘positive’ indicators.Theremainingindicators,A8a &bandA9a&b,aretariffindicators. 58.Becausealargenumberofcountrieshave coreinfrastructureandaccessindicators, datahavebeenaggregated(bylevel ofdevelopmentandregion).Thisboth improvespresentationandprovidesviews ofthedatathatareeasiertounderstandand analyse. 59.Thedatahavebeenpresentedataggregate levelintwodifferentways.Theirstis aggregationsformedfromcomponentsof countryleveldata,namely,theoriginal numeratoranddenominatordata.Theseare aggregatedacrosslevelsofdevelopment/ regionsandthentheratiosarecalculated ataggregatelevel. 4 Table3shows aggregationsfromcountrylevelcomponent 3. Statistical summary datafortheindicatorsforwhichthisis possible(A1toA7). 5 However,notall indicatorscanbeaggregatedinthismanner. Therefore,themedianofindicatorvalues wasusedtoshowlevelofdevelopment andregionaggregationsfortheremaining indicators(A8toA12).Thesecanbefound inTable4. 60.Tables3and4showthatthedeveloped economieshavehigheraggregateor medianvaluesforallthepositiveindicators –inmostcasesmuchhigherthanfor theotherlevelsofdevelopment.There isaclearpatternofdecreasingvalueof positiveindicatorswithdecreasinglevelof development. 61.Inrespectoftariffindicators,A8a(Internet accesstariffsinUS$)islowestfortransition economiesandsecondlowestfordeveloped economies.IndicatorA9a(mobilephone tariffsinUS$)ishighestfordeveloped economiesandlowestfordeveloping economies.Whenlookedatona‘percapita income’basis(indicatorsA8bandA9b),it isclearthatbothInternetandmobilephone tariffsarelowinrelativeincometermsfor developedeconomiesandveryhighforthe leastdevelopedeconomies. 25 Chapter 2. ICT infrastructure and access Table 3. ICT infrastructure and access core indicators, aggregate values, 6 latest year available 7 LevelofA1.A2.A3.A4.A5.A6.A7. developmentFixedMobileComputersInternetBroadbandInternationalPercentage andtelephonecellularsubscribersInternetInternetof region 2 linestelephonesubscribersbandwidthpopulation subscriberspercoveredby inhabitantmobile (bits)cellular Numberper100inhabitants telephony Developed 51 92 62 24 19 4 755 99 economies Asia 8 4379na27211038100 Europe49107502417624599 NorthernAmerica5875772220364599 Oceania48955232181002698 Transition 23 77 10 3 2 223 88 economies Asia1120410.12569 Europe2693113227797 Developing 15 33 5 4 2 177 74 economies Africa635220.35877 Asia163044216869 LatinAmericaand1855125333590 theCaribbean Oceania49740.55074 Least developed 0.9 10 0.7 0.2 0.0 7 59 economies Africa0.780.60.30.0848 Asia1130.90.20.0576 LatinAmericaand260.20.9na18na theCaribbean 8 Oceania4530.60.12520 Source: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database. 26 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Table 4: ICT infrastructure and access core indicators, median values, 6 latest year available 9 LevelofA8a.A8b.A9a.A9b.A10.A11.A12. developmentInternetInternetMobileMobilePercentageRadioTelevision andaccessaccesscellularcellularofsetssets region 2 tariffs,tariffs,asatariffs,tariffs,asalocalities inUS$percentageinUS$percentagewithPIAC’s ofpercapitaofpercapitabynumber incomeincomeofinhabitants 20hourspermonth100minutesofusepermonthper100inhabitants Developed 16 1 30 2 na 128 57 economies Asia 8 140.5522nanana Europe191282na11455 NorthernAmericanana12nananana USA 10 15 0.4 10 0.3 na na na Oceania170.9432nana63 Transition 12 11 27 17 na 54 24 economies Asia12261935nana23 Europe1372715na4625 Developing 22 8 20 8 26 29 22 economies Africa31212014502316 Asia123133994332 LatinAmericaand241126964022 theCaribbean Oceania2553226na5519 Least developed 41 123 22 60 6 15 2 economies Africa42168238711152 Asia26398182106 LatinAmericaand712131339nanana theCaribbean 8 Oceania58503435na131 Source: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database. 62.Forthe‘positive’coreindicators,A1toA7, itispossibletolookatchangeovertime, inthiscasebasedonaggregatevalues atthreepointsintime,1995,2000and 2006. 11 Table5showssuchananalysis bylevelofdevelopment.Itrevealslarge increasesinthevalueofsomeindicators, foralllevelsofdevelopment–particularly thenumberofmobilephonesubscribers. Forothers,increaseswerelowerorwere restrictedtosomelevelsofdevelopment. Thenumberofixedtelephonelines hasincreasedmodestlyformostlevels ofdevelopmentbuthasstabilizedsince 1995fordevelopedeconomies.Withthe exceptionofmobilephonesubscribers andinternationalbandwidth,indicatorsfor theleastdevelopedeconomieshavenot increasedmuchoverthe11-yearperiod. 63.Asthetableshows,eventhelatestvaluesof someoftheindicatorsarestillverylowfor transition,developingandleastdeveloped economies,especiallythoserelatingto computersandtheInternet.Itistherefore importanttoconsiderbothabsolutevalues andpercentagechangeswhenattempting toanalysedifferencesbetweenlevelsof developmentandovertime. 27 Chapter 2. ICT infrastructure and access 64.Chart1compareschangesinthenumbers ofixedandmobilephonesubscribers(per 100inhabitants)overtheperiod1995to 2006.Itillustrates: •Thedramaticdifferencebetweenixed andmobilephonegrowthoverthe period; •Thelowlevelsinleastdeveloped economiescomparedwithdeveloping economies;and •Thestabilizationofthenumberofixed telephonelinesindevelopedeconomies, withsteadygrowthforotherlevelsof development. Table 5. Change over time by level of development, selected core indicators, 6 1995, 2000 and 2006 LevelofYearA1.A2.A3.A4.A5.A6.A7. developmentFixedMobileComputersInternetBroadbandInternationalPercentage andtelephonecellularsubscribersInternetInternetof region 2 linestelephonesubscribersbandwidthpopulation subscriberspercoveredby inhabitantmobile (bits)cellular Numberper100inhabitants telephony Developed199550819nananana economies200057503714160698 20065192622419475599 Transition1995150.15nananana economies200019350.3na1276 20062377103222388 Developing199550.43nananana economies20009630.9na571 2006153354217774 Least19950.30.00.3nananana developed20000.50.30.30.0na0.234 economies20060.9100.70.20.0759 Source: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database. 28 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View 65.Someinterestingtimeseriescomparisons betweenthedevelopedanddeveloping worldhavebeenmadebyITUandcanbe foundontheirwebsite,see:http://www.itu. int/ITU-D/ict/statistics/ict/index.html. 3.2 Regional analysis 66.Asdiscussedabove,indicatorsA1to A7,andA10toA12canbethoughtofas ‘positive’ICTinfrastructureandaccess indicators,thatis,ahighervalueimpliesa higherlevelofICTinfrastructureandaccess development.Tables3and4showthat,for mostofthepositiveindicators,Northern America,Europeandthedeveloped OceaniaandAsiancountrieshavethe highestaggregateormedianvalues.The lowestvaluesofthepositiveindicatorscan befoundinAfricanandAsiancountries, especiallythosethatareamongtheleast developedeconomies.Thetariffindicators 8aand9a(indicatingthemonthlycostin USdollarsofInternetandmobilephone accessrespectively)aremoreevenacross regions,althoughtheyarerelativelylowfor AsiaandtheUSA.However,whenlooked atona‘percapitaincome’basis,theleast developedeconomiesinAfricafaremuch worsethanotherregions,withtherelative costforthoseservicesveryhigh. 12 Chart 1. Fixed phone lines and mobile phone subscribers, per 100 inhabitants Source: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database. Notes 1 Thisindicatorhasonlybeencollectedforarelativelyshorttime.Itprovidesimportantinformationfordeveloping economies,wherefewhouseholdshaveInternetaccessandthereforemanyindividualsusetheInternetatpublic facilities.Dataontheindicatorarescarcebecausemanycountriesinditdificulttomeasurethisindicator.Problems oftenstartwiththedeinitionof‘localities’(whichincludevillages,townsandcities)andtheavailabilityofdataon localities.Inaddition,localitydatamaynotbelinkedtotheavailabilityofpublicInternetaccesscentres(PIACs). Inothercases,thenumberofPIACs(ortheirlocation)arenottracked.ITUisencouragingmorecountriesto collectthisinformation. 1995 2000 2006 1995 2000 2006 1995 2000 2006 1995 2000 Developed economies T ransitio n economies Developing economies Least developed economies 2006 100 80 60 40 20 0 A1. Fi xed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants A2. Mobile cellular subscribers per 100 29 Chapter 2. ICT infrastructure and access 2 Annex1showstheeconomieswhichareincludedineach‘levelofdevelopment’and‘region’category.The classiicationisbasedontheUNStatisticalDivision’s Standard country or area codes for statistical use,seehttp:// unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm.TheclassiicationwasrevisedinJanuary2008andisnowslightly differentfromtheversionusedtoaggregatedataforthispublication.ThedifferencesaredetailedinAnnex1. 3 Anindicatorwasconsideredtobe availableifITUreceiveddataforit(includingzerovalues)fortheyear2002or later.ThetotaleconomycountincludescountriesfromwhichITUdoesnotcollectdata.SeeAnnex1fordetails. 4 Forexample,fortheindicatorA1(thenumberofixedtelephonelinesper100inhabitants),thenumberofixed telephonelinesissummed,asisthenumberofinhabitants.ThevalueoftheindicatorA1iscalculatedastheratio: totalnumberofixedtelephonelinestototalnumberofinhabitantsdividedby100. 5 Intheory,A10-12couldbeaggregatedfromcomponentdata,however,theyhavenotbeenbecauseoflackof data. 6 Anoteonthepresentationofvaluesintablesofthischapter:theterm‘na’meansnotavailable,thatis,thereare insuficientdatatoproduceameaningfulresultornodataareavailable.Allvalueswhicharelessthan1havebeen shownto1decimalplace. 7 Latest year availableisgenerally2005or2006.SeeAnnex1fordetails. 8 Thiscategoryconsistsofonecountryonly. 9 Latest year availableisgenerally2005or2006withtheexceptionofindicatorsA11andA12,wheredatawere generallyolder.SeeAnnex1fordetails. 10 NorthernAmericaisasmallregionconsistingofonlyiveeconomies,thereforemedianvaluesmaynotbe meaningful.Forcomparativepurposes,dataforUSAareshownseparately. 11 2006dataorlatestyearavailable.Datafor1995arenotavailableforallindicators. 12 TheonlyexceptionisfortheLatinAmericaandtheCaribbeanregionwhichconsistsofonlyonecountry. 31 Chapter 3. Access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals 67.Thedatapresentedinthischapterarebased onthecoreICTindicatorsonaccessto,and useof,ICTbyhouseholdsandindividuals (HH1-HH13).TheseareshowninTable6 belowandaredeinedinAnnex3. 68.Statisticsonhousehold/individualICT accessandusearetypicallycollected byNSOsthroughhouseholdsurveys. Thesemaybesurveysthatarededicated tomeasuringICTaccessanduse,or surveyssuchaslabourforceor‘omnibus’ (‘generalpurpose’)surveyswhereICT isoneofseveraltopics.Mostdeveloped economieshavebeencollectingthese statisticsinareasonablycoordinated fashionforanumberofyears,using modelquestionnairesrecommendedby theOECDandEurostat.Othereconomies arestartingtocollecttheseindicators usingthecoreindicatorsmethodological recommendations( Partnership,2005c) and/orthoseoftheOECD(2007a)and Eurostat(2006and2007a).Among developingeconomies,theLatinAmerican andCaribbeancountrieshaverecentlybeen veryactiveinthecollectionofhousehold ICTindicators(seeBox2). 69.TheOECDandEurostathavebeen collectingandpublishinghousehold/ individualICTaccessandusestatistics fromtheirmembercountriessince2002. Morerecently,ITUhasstartedtocollect thesestatisticsfromdevelopingeconomies andcompilestatisticsforalleconomies. 70.Statisticalstandardsforhousehold/ individualICTaccessanduseindicators havebeendevelopedprimarilybythe OECDandEurostat.AswesawinChapter 1,the Partnershiphasplayedanimportant roleinextendingthesestandardsto developingeconomies,viathecorelist ofICTindicators.Severalinternational organizationsareproactiveinpromoting householdstatisticalstandardsand methodologiesmoregenerally.TheUN StatisticsDivisionplaysamajorrolein developingandpromulgatingstandards, whiletheInternationalHouseholdSurvey Network(IHSN)fosterstheimprovement oftheavailability,accessibilityandquality ofhouseholdsurveydataindeveloping economies,andencouragestheiruseby decision-makersandothers. 1 71.Thischapterpresentsdataandmetadata collectedbyITU,supplementedby informationfromEurostat,national statisticalsourcesandtheOECD. Chapter 3. Access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals 1. Introduction 32 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Table 6. Core indicators on access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals Basic core indicators HH1Proportionofhouseholdswitharadio HH2ProportionofhouseholdswithaTV HH3Proportionofhouseholdswithaixedlinetelephone HH4Proportionofhouseholdswithamobilecellulartelephone HH5Proportionofhouseholdswithacomputer HH6Proportionofindividualswhousedacomputer(fromanylocation)inthelast12months HH7ProportionofhouseholdswithInternetaccessathome HH8ProportionofindividualswhousedtheInternet(fromanylocation)inthelast12months HH9LocationofindividualuseoftheInternetinthelast12months Athome Atwork Placeofeducation Atanotherperson’shome CommunityInternetaccessfacility CommercialInternetaccessfacility Others HH10Internetactivitiesundertakenbyindividualsinthelast12months Gettinginformation: Aboutgoodsorservices Relatedtohealthorhealthservices Fromgovernmentorganizations/publicauthoritiesviawebsitesoremail Otherinformationorgeneralwebbrowsing Communicating Purchasingororderinggoodsorservices Internetbanking Educationorlearningactivities Dealing(interacting)withgovernmentorganizations/publicauthorities Leisureactivities Playing/downloadingvideoorcomputergames Downloadingmovies,musicorsoftware Reading/downloadingelectronicbooks,newspapersormagazines Otherleisureactivities Extended core indicators HH11Proportionofindividualswithuseofamobiletelephone HH12ProportionofhouseholdswithaccesstotheInternetbytypeofaccess Narrowbandaccess Broadbandaccess SeeAnnex3fordetailedcategories. HH13FrequencyofindividualaccesstotheInternetinthelast12months(fromanylocation) Atleastonceaday Atleastonceaweekbutnoteveryday Atleastonceamonthbutnoteveryweek Lessthanonceamonth HHR1Proportionofhouseholdswithelectricity 2 Source: Core ICT Indicators ( Partnership , 2005c). 33 Chapter 3. Access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals 72.Table7showsthatsomeofthecore indicatorsonhousehold/individualICT accessandusearereasonablywidely available,especiallyfordeveloped economies.However,thereremain questionsofdatacomparability,including variableagescope(forindividuals)and variationsinquestionsasked(forinstance, howlocationsandactivitiesaredeined).In addition,mostcountriesdonothavegood timeseriesofICTaccessandusedataand muchoftheavailabledataareout-of-date andthereforelessusefulgiventhepaceof changeinadoptionofmanytechnologies (thisisespeciallytrueofdevelopingand leastdevelopedeconomies;seeAnnex1for moreinformationonthecurrencyofdata). 73.Someoftheaccessindicatorsarenot widelyavailable,includingthosefor accesstoaradio(HH1)andthereference indicator,accesstoelectricity(HR1). TheindividualICTuseindicatorsare generallylesswidelyavailablethanthose forhouseholdICTaccess.Inparticular, themorecomplexindicatorsonlocation andfrequencyofInternetuseandthe natureofInternetactivities(HH9,HH10 andHH13)arecollectedbyrelativelyfew countries,withtheexceptionofdeveloped economies. 3 74.Notsurprisingly,Europeancountrieshave themostcomparableandavailabledata, whilethewidermembershipoftheOECD hasareasonablesetofstatistics,although theyarelesscomparablethanEurostat data. 4 Amongstdevelopingeconomies,a numberofLatinAmericaandCaribbean economieshavequitecomprehensiveand recentdatasets,althoughdifferencesinage scopestillexist(seeBox2). 2. Measurement status 34 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Box 2. Measurement initiatives in the Latin America and the Caribbean region Table 7. Summary of global measurement status by level of development: 5 access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals 6 IndicatorDevelopedTransitionDevelopingLeastdevelopedTotalnumber economieseconomieseconomieseconomieseconomieswith eachindicator Proportionofeconomieswitheachindicator HH114%21%26%34%59 HH261%42%33%32%94 HH363%37%36%32%97 HH465%26%31%2%75 HH576%47%41%20%105 HH663%26%14%0%53 HH769%37%33%6%83 HH865%26%23%4%66 HH961%26%18%0%56 HH1063%26%17%0%55 HH1157%21%17%0%52 HH1259%26%8%0%43 HH1361%26%11%0%47 HR114%16%19%6%36 Totaleconomies491912050238 Source: ITU and Eurostat (see Annex 1 for more detail). Inrespectofhouseholdaccessstatistics,most countriesoftheregionhavebeenaskingquestions onICTaccessforsomeyears.Themaingoodsand servicesaboutwhichinformationiscollectedare radio,television,ixedtelephoneand,morerecently, theownershipofacomputer,mobiletelephoneand accesstotheInternet.Between2005and2006,a smallgroupofLACcountriesaddedamoduleofICT usequestionstohouseholdsurveys.By2006,about halfofthecountriesoftheregion,includingmostof thelargerones,collectedinformationonhousehold accesstotheInternetandabout15countriescollected allorsomeoftheICTindicatorsonhouseholdaccess anduserecommendedbythe Partnership.Avariety ofsurveytypesisusedtocollectthesestatistics, includingmultipurposehouseholdsurveys,life conditionssurveysandstand-aloneICTsurveys.Most countriescollectthecoreaccessindicatorsannually, withthecoreuseindicatorscollectedlessfrequently forsomecountries. Source: Olaya (2007). 35 Chapter 3. Access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals 3.1 Household access to ICT 75.Table8belowshowshouseholdICTaccess dataclassiiedbylevelofdevelopment. Forthe25EuropeanUnioncountries comprising‘EU25’, 7 dataareshownas asingleaggregate.Othercountriesare shownindividually. 76.Despitesomedatacomparabilityissues (asoutlinedabove),ageneralpicture emergesofreasonablyhighaccessto newertechnologiesamongsthouseholdsof developedeconomiesandlowerlevelsin othereconomies. 77.Indevelopedeconomies(andmany developingandtransitioneconomies), mosthouseholdshaveaccesstoolder technologies,suchasTV(HH2)and ixedphone(HH3). 8 Inmostdeveloped economies,overhalfofallhouseholdshave accesstothenewertechnologies–mobile phones(HH4),computers(HH5)andthe Internet(HH7).Accesstocomputersand theInternetinothereconomiesisgenerally lowbutappearstobeincreasing(seecharts 3and4below).Withveryfewexceptions, inleastdevelopedeconomies,thereisalow levelofaccesstoalltechnologies,except forradios. 78.Theproportionofhouseholdswiththe Internetcanbefurthersplittoshowthetype ofInternetaccessservicesused(HH12). Table9showsHH12forasmallnumber ofcountries,plusEU25.Eventhoughdata arenotwidelyavailable,thebroadpattern appearstobethatdevelopedeconomies haveahigherlevelofhouseholdbroadband accesscomparedtoeconomiesatother levelsofdevelopment.Exceptionsaresome ofthewealthierAsianeconomies,which haveveryhighlevelsofbroadbandaccess. 3. Statistical summary 36 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Table 8. Household ICT access core indicators, proportion of households, latest year available 9 LevelofEconomy 11 HH1HH2HH3HH4HH5HH7HR1 development (radio)(TV)(ixed(mobile(computer)(Internet)(electri- andregion 10 phone)phone)city) Developed economies AsiaJapan99%91%90%81%61% EuropeCroatia50%94%88%28%99% EuropeIceland93%94%98%89%84% EuropeMonaco96%93%81%56%32%100% EuropeNorway95%67%95%82%78% EuropeSanMarino83% EuropeSwitzerland71%77% EuropeEU25 7 97%82%87%66%56% N.AmericaBermuda73%96%91%74%66%57%100% N.AmericaCanada99%99%64%72%64% N.AmericaUnitedStates99%62%55%100% OceaniaAustralia73%64% OceaniaNewZealand98%93%86%72%65%95% Transition economies AsiaArmenia93%72%5%4%2%99% AsiaAzerbaijan99%69%26%9%0%100% AsiaGeorgia19%89%33%2%100% EuropeBelarus93%81%16%9%100% EuropeBulgaria98%73%64%23%19% EuropeRep.Moldova82%55%2% EuropeRomania97%52%58%34%22% EuropeSerbia34%26% EuropeTFYRMacedonia39%99%84%71%25%14% Developing economies AfricaBotswana70%22%6%1% AfricaCameroon63%23%2%22%1% AfricaCongo57%25%1% AfricaEgypt85%93%56%14% AfricaGhana71%26%7%5% AfricaKenya74%19%13% AfricaMauritius96%77%69%24%17%99% AfricaMorocco79%77%18%59%13%4% AfricaNigeria77%25%6% AfricaRéunion55%39% AfricaSaintHelena25% AfricaSeychelles92%12% AfricaSouthAfrica81%59%55%50%80% AfricaTunisia36% AfricaZimbabwe24% AsiaCyprus 12 100%92%91%53%39% AsiaHongKongSARChina72%67% AsiaIndia33%45%1%0% AsiaIndonesia70%65%14%3%91% AsiaIran,IslamicRepublicof26% AsiaIsrael93%87%84%59%41% AsiaLebanon97%37%43%24%100% AsiaMacaoSARChina56%32%100% AsiaMalaysia28% AsiaMongolia25%86%20%28%6%9%86% AsiaOcc.PalestinianTerr.93%8%30%26%9% 37 Chapter 3. Access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals LevelofEconomy 11 HH1HH2HH3HH4HH5HH7HR1 development (radio)(TV)(ixed(mobile(computer)(Internet)(electri- andregion 10 phone)phone)city) AsiaOman69%84%44%72%24%14%98% AsiaPhilippines71%63%12%36%7%77% AsiaRepublicofKorea 13 79%94% AsiaSingapore99%78%71% AsiaSriLanka4%1% AsiaTaiwan,China100%98%65%87% AsiaThailand27%16%6%99% AsiaTurkey98%73%12%9% AsiaVietNam56%87% LACBolivia67%63%19%39%12%4%67% LACBrazil 14 88%91%48%59%19%14%97% LACChile27%47%84%33%19% LACColombia71%85%56%8% LACCostaRica85%91%65%50%27%10%97% LACCuba38%88%17%1%2%0%100% LACDominicanRepublic62%76%26%44%9%3%95% LACEcuador73%87%36%64%18%3%96% LACElSalvador58%78%41%35%7%2% LACFalklandIslands72% LACHonduras65%64%30%41%8%2%70% LACMartinique50%26% LACMexico88%93%49%47%21%10% LACPanama80%83%40%64%16%8%88% LACParaguay80%82%17%64%6%3%97% LACPeru84%69%28%28%10%5%77% LACSuriname46%23%96% LACTrinidadandTobago60%31%17% LACUruguay94%91%70%49%24%14% LACVenezuela83%91%34%25%10%2%99% OceaniaFrenchPolynesia45% OceaniaNewCaledonia43%44% OceaniaN.MarianaIslands79%71%40%31% Least developed economies AfricaBurkinaFaso63%12%4%3% AfricaChad37%3%1% AfricaEritrea0% AfricaEthiopia34%5%4%0% AfricaGuinea64%11%6% AfricaLesotho54%13%18% AfricaMadagascar59%18%5%9%1% AfricaMalawi62%5%5% AfricaMozambique53%9%2% AfricaRwanda46%2%1% AfricaSenegal87%40%16% AfricaSudan39%16%16% AfricaUganda6% AfricaU.Rep.ofTanzania58%6%9%11% AsiaBangladesh30%23%5%41% AsiaBhutan77%58%5%0% AsiaLaoPeople’sDem.Rep.0% AsiaMaldives72%85%67%83%28%8% AsiaNepal6%37% Source: ITU, UNECLAC and Eurostat (30 November 2007). 38 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Table 9. Households with access to Internet, by type of access, 15 proportion of households with Internet access, latest year available 9 LevelofEconomy 11 Dial-upISDNDSLCableOther developmentmodemmodemmodesof andregion 10 access Developed economies AsiaJapan16%19%34%16%15% EuropeIceland7%89% EuropeNorway22%77% EuropeEU25 7 25%61% OceaniaAustralia 16 31%54%14%9% OceaniaNewZealand48%36%9%9% Transition economies AsiaAzerbaijan41%1%1%1%56% EuropeBulgaria17%16% EuropeRomania62%6% EuropeSerbia75%12% EuropeTFYRMacedonia76%5%4%31% Developing economies AfricaMauritius76%3%17%0%4% AsiaChina25%58%17% AsiaOcc.PalestinianTerr.69%1%15%16% AsiaRepublicofKorea3%1%82%22%23% AsiaTaiwan,China4%80%6%5% AsiaThailand 17 26%53%21% LACBrazil63%43% LACCostaRica61%3%20%16%1% Source: ITU and Eurostat (30 November 2007). 79.Thereareseveralexamplesoftimeseries dataforhouseholdICTstatistics.Chart2 belowshowstime-seriesdataforEurostat countries(representedbytheEU15 aggregateinordertoshowalongerseries ofobservations)inrespectofhousehold accesstotheInternet.Itshowsasteadyrise inInternetaccessfrom2002to2007.The methodusedtoaccesstheInternetinthe threeyears,2005to2007,showsarapidrise inbroadbandaccess,withacorresponding dropindial-upandISDNaccess. 39 Chapter 3. Access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals 80.Charts3and4belowshowaselectionof timeseriesdataforhouseholdcomputerand Internetaccess.Eventhoughthedataare notnecessarilycomparable,theyallshow thesamerisingtrendoverrecentyears. Forsomeeconomies,thelevelofaccess tocomputersisstabilizing,presumably relectingthefactthatmosthouseholds withaninterestincomputershadaccessby 2006.Asat2006,thesamegeneraltrend wasnotevidentfortheInternet,wherethe accesslevelwasstillincreasingformost economies. Chart 2. Change in household means of accessing the Internet, EU15, proportion of all households 18 Source: Eurostat, 30 November 2007. 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Household Internet access by type, dial-up and ISDN Household Internet access by type, broadband Proportion of households with Internet access at hom e 40 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Chart 3: Change in household level of access to a computer, selected countries Source: ITU. Chart 4. Change in household level of access to the Internet, selected countries 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 2000 2001 2002 2003 200 4 2 00 5 2 00 6 0% H ong K ong SAR Ch in a Ro m ani a Un it ed Ki ngdom Cy prus Sw eden Br az il R epub lic of Ko re a Co st a Ri ca Me xi co 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100 % 2000 2001 2002 2003 200 4 2 00 5 2 00 6 0% Austria Denmark Hungary Portugal Switzerlan d Republic of Kore a Peru Singapor e Me xi co Source: ITU. 41 Chapter 3. Access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals 3.2 Individual use of ICT 81.Table10showsindividualdataforuseof computers,theInternetandmobilephones. Aswiththehouseholdaccessindicators, forthe25EuropeanUnioncountries comprising‘EU25’,dataareshownasa singleaggregate. 82.Despitesomedataavailabilityand comparabilityissues(describedunder Measurement statusabove),ageneral pictureemergesofhighcomputerand Internetusebyindividualsindeveloped economiesandsomedeveloping economies(particularly,thewealthier Asianeconomies).Levelsofuseare considerablylowerforthetransitionand mostdevelopingeconomies,includingthe twoleastdevelopedeconomiesforwhich dataareavailable. 83.Mobilephoneuseisgenerallyhigher thancomputerorInternetuse,withthe differenceinthepenetrationrateoften greaterindevelopingeconomies. Table 10. Individual use of computers, the Internet and mobile phones, 19 latest year available 9 LevelofEconomy 11 HH6.ProportionHH8.ProportionHH11.Proportion developmentofindividualswhoofindividualswhoofindividualswith andregion 10 usedacomputer 20 usedtheInternet 20 useofamobile phone Developed economies AsiaJapan56%68%71% EuropeIceland92%91%97% EuropeNorway91%87%97% EuropeSwitzerland64% EuropeEU25 7 68%62%85% N.AmericaBermuda89%80%45% N.AmericaCanada72% N.AmericaUnitedStates72%68% OceaniaAustralia69% OceaniaNewZealand74%69%80% Transition economies AsiaAzerbaijan17%10% EuropeBulgaria37%34%70% EuropeRomania38%28%67% EuropeSerbia44%33%77% EuropeTFYRMacedonia38%29%63% Developing economies AfricaBotswana4%25% AfricaMauritius30%17% AfricaMorocco64%46%89% AsiaChina12% AsiaCyprus 12 49%41%91% AsiaHongKongSARChina63%61%86% AsiaIsrael52%42%81% AsiaMacaoSARChina54%46% AsiaMalaysia50% AsiaOcc.PalestinianTerr.87%36%74% AsiaOman11%6%55% 42 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View 84.Table11belowshowswhereindividualsuse theInternet.Notsurprisingly,homeisthe majorlocationofaccessformostcountries. Indevelopedeconomies,theuseofpublic andeducationalfacilitiesisrelativelylow infavourofuseathomeandwork.In manydevelopingeconomies,workand/or commercialInternetaccessfacilitieswere commonlocationsofInternetuse.Useof communityInternetaccessfacilitieswas relativelylowformosteconomies.However, thisindingmaynotbegeneralizabletothe poorerdevelopingeconomiesandtheleast developedeconomiesthatdonotcollect thisinformation. LevelofEconomy 11 HH6.ProportionHH8.ProportionHH11.Proportion developmentofindividualswhoofindividualswhoofindividualswith andregion 10 usedacomputer 23 usedtheInternet 20 useofamobile phone AsiaRepublicofKorea79%80%80% AsiaSingapore64%60%47% AsiaTaiwan,China 21 64% AsiaThailand26%14%41% AsiaTurkey 22 20%15% LACBrazil21%37% LACChile43%37%54% LACCostaRica22%33% LACCuba57%24%1% LACDominicanRepublic28%16%57% LACEcuador7%38% LACHonduras15%22% LACMexico31%20%40% LACPanama 24 22%44% LACParaguay8% LACPeru12% LACTrinidadandTobago33%27%60% LACUruguay29% Least developed economies AsiaAfghanistan21% AsiaBhutan10% Source: ITU, UNECLAC, national statistical sources and Eurostat (30 November 2007). 43 Chapter 3. Access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals Table 11. Location 25 of Internet use by individuals, 19 proportion of Internet users, latest year available 9 LevelofEconomy 11 AgeHomeWorkPlaceAnotherCommu-Commer-Other developmentofedu-person’snitycialplaces andregion 10 cationhomeInternetInternet accessaccess facilityfacility Developed economies AsiaJapan6+83%34%12%4%5% EuropeIceland16-7493%63%30%48%30% EuropeNorway16-7492%56%15%18%13% EuropeEU25 7 16-7482%43%13%22%12% N.AmericaCanada18+61%26%12%10%20% N.AmericaUnitedStates3+80%36%23% OceaniaAustralia15+88%45%23%38% OceaniaNewZealand15+88%36%16%24%9%11%0% Transition economies AsiaAzerbaijan15+69%38%17%11%1%44%11% EuropeBulgaria16-7471%38%12%6%16% EuropeRomania16-7467%34%21%12%9% EuropeSerbia16-7476%32%13%18%6% EuropeTFYRMacedonia15-7432%17%19%9%54% Developing economies AfricaMorocco12-6528%7%3%3%1%71% AfricaMauritius12+73%28%23%2%2%9%0% AsiaChina6+76%33%13%32%1% AsiaCyprus 12 16-7470%51%16%15%9% AsiaHongKongSARChina10+91%42%14%2%1%4% AsiaMacaoSARChina3+86%26%12%8% AsiaRepublicofKorea5+95%32%17%7%4%21%17% AsiaSingapore10+82%50%25%13%6%5% AsiaTaiwan,China12+93%36%19%8%5%16%4% AsiaThailand6+33%28%46%17%2% LACBrazil10+50%40%26%31%10%22% LACChile5+40%19%35%2%28%5% LACCostaRica5+32%27%20%5%0%46%1% LACDominicanRepublic12+20%32%34%28%8%41%2% LACHonduras15+10%11%7%0%81%1% LACMexico6+34%24%16%2%1%42% LACParaguay10+21%25%15%2%51%1% LACUruguay6+41%26%14%11%3%52% Source: ITU, UNECLAC, national statistical sources and Eurostat (30 November 2007). 44 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Table 12. Frequency of Internet use by individuals, 19 proportion of Internet users, latest year available LevelofEconomy 11 AgeAtleastAtleastAtleastLessthan developmentonceaonceaonceaoncea andregion 10 dayweekbutmonthbutmonth noteverynotevery dayweek Developed economies EuropeIceland16-7482%14%3%1% EuropeNorway16-7477%17%4%1% EuropeEU25 7 16-7467%23%8%3% N.AmericaCanada18+64%26%5%2% OceaniaAustralia 26 15+50%41%8%1% OceaniaNewZealand15+58%30%6%5% Transition economies AsiaAzerbaijan15+41%51%5%3% EuropeBulgaria16-7464%28%6%2% EuropeRomania16-7449%41%9%1% EuropeSerbia16-7450%37%8%4% EuropeTFYRMacedonia15-7444%40%13%3% Developing economies AfricaMorocco12-6555%34%8%3% AfricaMauritius12+33%47%15%5% AsiaHongKongSARChina10+72%19%5%4% AsiaOcc.PalestinianTerr.10+49%40%10%0% AsiaRepublicofKorea5+71%21%2%5% AsiaSingapore10+70%22%8% AsiaThailand6+23%60%17%1% LACBrazil10+36%47%12%3% LACCostaRica5+34%38%24%5% LACMexico6+20%68%10%2% LACUruguay6+37%48%12%3% Source: ITU, UNECLAC, national statistical sources and Eurostat (30 November 2007). 86.Table13belowshowsthetypesofInternet activitiesundertakenbyindividuals. Unsurprisingly,inmostcountries,alarge proportionofInternetusersuseitfor communicating.UseoftheInternetfor gettinginformationisalsoimportant, particularlyobtaininginformationabout goodsandservicesandinformationfrom government.Theresidual‘other’category mayincludegeneralwebbrowsing 85.Table12showsavailabledataonthe frequencyofInternetusebyindividuals.It appearsthatInternetusers,whatevercountry theyarefrom,tendtousetheInternet frequently(atleastonceaweek).However, thisindingmaynotbegeneralizabletothe poorerdevelopingeconomiesandtheleast developedeconomiesthatdonotcollect thisinformation. 45 Chapter 3. Access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals Table 13. Internet activities 27 undertaken by individuals, 19 proportion of Internet users, latest year available 9 Gettinginformation LevelofEconomy 11 AgeAboutRelatedFromOtherCommu-PurchasingInternetEducationDealingLeisure developmentgoodstohealth/govern-nicationororderingbankingorlearningwithactivities andregion 10 andhealthmentgoodsoractivitiesgovernment servicesservicesservices Developed economies AsiaJapan6+67%69%41%10%2%5% EuropeIceland16-7487%49%60%92%36%80% EuropeNorway16-7489%43%65%91%56%83% EuropeEU25 7,28 16-7482%42%48%87%41%45%16%31% N.AmericaBermuda16-6571%56%13%92%42%24%31% N.AmericaCanada18+35%51%56%35%26% N.AmericaUnitedStates3+69%35%30%82%45%23%25% OceaniaAustralia15+61%53% OceaniaNewZealand15+65%28%56%84%91%41%11%54%31% Transition economies AsiaAzerbaijan15+10%8%5%78%38%1%8%2% EuropeBulgaria16-7456%16%14%90%6%5% EuropeRomania16-7451%26%16%87%6%7% EuropeSerbia16-7465%16%12%80%4%14% EuropeTFYRMacedonia15-7443%12%46%83%4%1%22%19% Developing economies AfricaMorocco12-657%1%5% AfricaMauritius 26 12+68%3%9%27% AsiaChina6+56%24% AsiaHongKongSARChina10+15%14%42%84%85%30%17%11%76% AsiaMacaoSARChina3+40% AsiaOcc.PalestinianTerr.10+1%46%9%0%1%19%0%23% AsiaRepublicofKorea6+85%50%47%86% AsiaSingapore15+84%27%33%30%36%56% LACBrazil 29 10+69%14%19%72%27% LACChile5+59%6%6%12%9%53% LACCostaRica5+70%8%19%59%45% LACCuba5-652%16%10%10%39%3% LACDominicanRepublic12+31%21%58%8%13%70%11% LACHonduras15+34%2%18% LACMexico6+8%10%6%42%49%4%2%35%5%20% LACParaguay10+65%1%22%21% LACUruguay6+80%4%4%12%42% Source: ITU, UNECLAC, national statistical sources and Eurostat (30 November 2007). 46 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View 70% 80% 90% 100% 110% Ne w Z eal and 101% 103% Au st ra li a 86% 89% 92% 95% 100% 99% Ko re a 74% 77% 80% 81% 84% 85% 89% 89 % Ja pa n 77% 82% 87% 85% 88% 89% EU 15 85% 86% 87% 87% 89 % Sw it ze rl and 75% 78% 82% 84% 84% 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 200 7 forsomecountries(whichprobably explainsitsrelativelyhighvalueforsome countries).UseoftheInternetforeducation orlearningactivities,Internetbanking andpurchasinggoodsorservicestends tobehigheramongusersindeveloped economies(withsomenotableexceptions indevelopingeconomiessuchasthe RepublicofKorea,Singaporeandsome LatinAmericancountries).Itispossible thatthecategorydescriptionsforInternet activitiesvarymorebetweencountries thanforothercategoriespresentedinthis chapter.Therefore,itisquitelikelythatthe dataarenotparticularlycomparableacross countries. 87.MostOECDcountriesareableto disaggregateInternetusedatabyindividual characteristics,includingage,levelof educationandgender.Themainindings, whichholdwellovertimeandacross OECDcountries,areasfollows: •Youngerpeoplearemuchmorelikely tobeInternetusers(thehighestrates areforthoseinthe16-24agegroup). Olderpeoplearemuchlesslikelytouse theInternet,withratesofusedropping offsharplyfortheoldestgroup(those over75); •Peoplewithtertiaryqualiicationsare morelikelytobeInternetusers;and •Ofparticularinteresttopolicymakers aredifferencesinInternetusebygender. AsChart5shows,formostOECD countries,malesareslightlymore likelytobeInternetusersthanfemales (withafemaletomaleuserratioofless than100percent).Thegendergaphas closedsigniicantlysince2000formost OECDcountries,withthegeneraltrend beingtowardsincreasingfemale-to- maleratiosamongInternetusers. 30 Chart 5. Gender gap: ratio of female to male Internet users, OECD countries, 2000–2007 31 Source: OECD, data collection for 2007 Scoreboard publication. 47 Chapter 3. Access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Fr equenc y of i ndi vi dual ac ce ss to t he In te r net in th e la st 3 mo nt hs (f ro m an y lo ca ti on), at le as t onc e a da y (HH13) In te rnet ac ti vi ti es under ta k en by in di vi d ual s in t he la st 3 mo nt hs , In te r net ban ki ng (HH10) In te r net ac ti vi ti es undert ak en by in di vi dual s in th e la st 3 m ont hs , purc ha si ng or orderi ng goods or se rv ic es ( HH1 0) Pr opor ti on of in di vi dual s wh o us ed th e In te rnet (f ro m any lo ca ti on) in th e la st 12 mo nt hs (HH8 ) 3.3 Regional analysis 89.Regionaldataareshowninthetablesabove. Theyshowaclearhierarchyregarding accessto,anduseofICT,byregion.In general,Africahasthelowestlevelof householdaccessandindividualuseofICT, andEuropeandNorthernAmericahave thehighest.Amongindividualcountries, somedevelopingeconomieshaveavery highlevelofaccesstomobilephones, computersand/ortheInternet.Theyinclude theRepublicofKorea,where94percent ofhouseholdshaveInternetaccess,and HongKong(SARChina),Singaporeand Taiwan(China),whereovertwothirdsof householdshaveInternetaccess. 90.Box2highlightsmeasurementinitiativesin theLatinAmericaandCaribbeanregion. Chart 6. Change in individual use of ICT for selected indicators, EU15, proportion of all individuals 32 Source: Eurostat, 30 November 2007. 88.Goodtimeseriesdataareavailablefrom Eurostatforanumberoftheindividualuse indicators.Chart6belowshowsselected dataseriescoveringtheperiodforwhich EurostathasbeencollectingICTusedata. TheseriesshowgrowthinInternetuse, withmorefrequent(daily)usegrowing morequicklythantotaluse.Theselected activities,Internetbankingandpurchasing overtheInternet,arealsogrowing steadily. 48 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Notes 1 TheIHSNisapartnershipofinternationalorganizationsandhas18members,includingITU,Paris21,UNSD, UNICEFandtheUNDP.Formoreinformationsee:www.surveynetwork.org. 2 ElectricityisnotanICTcommodity,butisanimportantprerequisiteforusingmanyICTs.Itisthereforeincluded inthecorelistasareferenceindicator. 3 Whilstdevelopedeconomiesscorewellonmostofthehouseholdindicators,thatisalmostentirelyduetothe Europeancountries,whichcollectthedataaspartofEurostat’scoordinateddatacollectionofICTaccessanduse statistics. 4 Eurostat,thestatisticaloficeoftheEuropeanCommunities,alsocollectsdatafromasmallnumberofnonEU countries,includingNorway,Icelandandcandidatecountries.DataforthosecountriesarenotincludedinEU aggregates. 5 Annex1showstheeconomieswhichareincludedineach‘levelofdevelopment’and‘region’category.The classiicationisbasedontheUNStatisticalDivision’s Standard country or area codes for statistical use,seehttp:// unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm.TheclassiicationwasrevisedinJanuary2008andisnowslightly differentfromtheversionusedtopresentdataforthispublication.ThedifferencesaredetailedinAnnex1. 6 Anindicatorwasconsideredtobe availableifITUorEurostatreceivedcompleteorpartialdataforit(including zerovalues)fortheyear2002orlater.ThetotaleconomycountincludescountriesfromwhichITUdoesnotcollect data.SeeAnnex1fordetails. 7 Thereare27countriesintheEuropeanUnionbuttwo(RomaniaandBulgaria)areclassiiedastransitioneconomies forthepurposesofthispublication.TheaggregatechosenfordisplayisthereforeEU25,representingtheremaining 25EUcountries.NotethatCyprusisincludedintheEU25aggregationbutisclassiiedinthispublicationasa developingeconomy.Itsdataarethereforealsoshownwiththoseofotherdevelopingeconomies.EU25dataare thelatestavailable(2006or2007,butmainlythelatter)andwereextractedfromEurostat’sdatabase,version30 November2007.ThescopeofEurostatdatapresentedinthispublicationisallhouseholdsandallindividualsaged 16-74. 8 DataforHH1(accesstoradio)arenotwidelyavailablefordevelopedeconomies. 9 Latest year availableisgenerally2005or2006(exceptforEuropeanUnioncountries,where2007datahave beenusedformostindicators).SeeAnnex1fordetailsofdataavailability.Datafrom2002orearlierhavebeen excluded,exceptforasmallnumberofcaseswhereolderdataindicateasaturationlevel(97%orhigherlevelof access).Inthiscase,theigurehasbeenincludedinthetableeventhoughitdatesfrom2002orearlier.Indicators affectedareHH1,HH2,HH3andHR1. 10 Someregionnameshavebeenabbreviatedtosavespace.FullnamescanbefoundinAnnex1. 11 Someeconomynameshavebeenabbreviatedtosavespace.FullnamescanbefoundinAnnex1. 12 CyprusisalsoincludedintheEU25aggregate. 13 RepublicofKorea.HomeInternetaccessincludesmobiletelephoneaccess. 14 Brazil.HouseholdswithInternetaccessathomebycomputer. 15 Multipleaccessservicesarepossible(forinstance,ifahouseholdhasbothdial-upandcablemodemaccess,they wouldreportboth). 16 ‘Othermodesofaccess’includesbroadbandhouseholdswhodonotknowwhatkindofconnectiontheyhave. 17 ‘Othermodesofaccess’areinrespectofthosehouseholdswhoarenotsurewhatkindofconnectiontheyhave. The‘DSLandCablemodem’igureof53%referstobroadbandaccess. 18 ThenumberofcountriesincludedinEU15is14or15,exceptforInternetaccessintheyears2002to2004,where 11-13countrieswereincludedintheaggregate. 19 Referenceperiodsforindividualuseindicatorsarethelast12months.However,somecountriesuseadifferent referenceperiod,commonlythreemonths.EurostatdataoncomputerandInternetuse(HH6andHH8)referto12 months,whiletheirdataonlocationofuse,activitiesandfrequencyrefertothelastthreemonths. 49 Chapter 3. Access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals 20 Theindicatorreferstousefromanylocationinthelast12months.Theagescopeofsurveysisvariable.Information ontheagerangeformostcountriescanbefoundinthefollowingtablesorasafootnotetothistable. 21 Taiwan,China.Individualsaged12+. 22 Turkey.Individualsaged16+. 23 Theindicatorreferstousefromanylocationinthelast12months.Theagescopeofsurveysisvariable.Information ontheagerangeformostcountriescanbefoundinthefollowingtablesorasafootnotetothistable. 24 Panama.Individualsaged15+. 25 Notethatrespondentscouldreportuseatmultiplelocations. 26 Referstouseathome. 27 Notethatrespondentscouldreportmultipleactivities. 28 Fordealingwithgovernmentorganizations/publicauthorities–theEurostatvariablereferstodownloadingoficial forms. 29 Communicationreferstosendingandreceivingemail. 30 Itispossiblethatdemographicdifferencesbetweenthegendersaccountforasmallpartofthe‘gendergap’.In particular,inOECDcountries,therearemorewomenthanmeninolderagegroups,andolderpeoplearelesslikely tousetheInternet. 31 Thereareagescopedifferencesbetweencountries.However,thescopeisusuallythesameforagivencountryfor differentyears.TheexceptionisAustraliawheretheagescopehaschangedslightlybetweenyears. 32 ThenumberofcountriesincludedinEU15rangesfrom11to15,withgenerallylowernumbersofcountriesinthe earlieryears. 51 Chapter 4. Use of ICT by businesses 91.Thedatapresentedinthischapterarebased onthecoreindicatorsonbusinessuseof ICT.TheseareshowninTable14below andaredeinedinAnnex4.Statisticson businessuseofICTareusuallycollected viaadedicated(stand-alone)business ICTsurveyorthroughamoduleofICT questionsinanotherbusinesssurvey. MostOECDandEuropeanUnion countrieshavebeencollectingbusiness ICTusestatisticsforanumberofyears andmosthavededicatedsurveysthat areconductedannually.Theyadaptthe modelquestionnairesrecommendedbythe OECDandEurostat,thoughitshouldbe notedthatthesedonotincludequestions coveringallthecoreindicatorsonbusiness useofICT.Othereconomiesarestarting tocollectbusinessICTuseindicators, usingthecoreindicatorsmethodological recommendations( Partnership,2005c) and/orthoseoftheOECD(2007a)and Eurostat(2006and2007a). 92.Thischapterincludesdatafromthe collectionsofEurostatandUNCTAD. EurostatcollectsICTusedatafrom itsmemberstatesannually.Itprovides guidanceintheformofamodelsurveyand producesdatathatareverycomparable. UNCTADcollectsbusinessuseofICT statisticsfromitsmembercountrieson anannualbasis.Itsendsaquestionnaire basedonthecoreICTbusinessindicators (coveringtheuseofICTbybusinesses andtheICTsector)toNSOsworldwide (exceptthoseinEurostatmemberstates). Fordevelopingeconomies,inparticular, UNCTADprovidesaframeworkfordata collection. 1 Chapter 4. Use of ICT by businesses 1. Introduction 52 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Table 14. Core indicators on business use of ICT Basic core indicators B1Proportionofbusinessesusingcomputers B2Proportionofemployeesusingcomputers B3ProportionofbusinessesusingtheInternet B4ProportionofemployeesusingtheInternet B5Proportionofbusinesseswithawebpresence B6Proportionofbusinesseswithanintranet B7ProportionofbusinessesreceivingordersovertheInternet B8ProportionofbusinessesplacingordersovertheInternet Extended core indicators B9ProportionofbusinessesusingtheInternetbytypeofaccess Narrowbandaccess Broadbandaccess SeeAnnex4fordetailedcategories. B10Proportionofbusinesseswithalocalareanetwork(LAN) B11Proportionofbusinesseswithanextranet B12ProportionofbusinessesusingtheInternetbytypeofactivity 2 Sendingorreceivingemail Gettinginformationaboutgoodsorservices Gettinginformationfromgovernmentorganizations/publicauthoritiesviawebsitesoremail PerformingInternetbankingoraccessingotherinancialservices Interactingwithgovernmentorganizations/publicauthorities Providingcustomerservices Deliveringproductsonline Otherinformationsearchesorresearchactivities Source: Core ICT Indicators ( Partnership , 2005c). 53 Chapter 4. Use of ICT by businesses 93.Table15showstheavailabilityofthecore businessuseindicators.ApartfromOECD andEuropeanUnioncountries,dataon useofICTbybusinessesarenotwidely available.Nodataareavailablefortheleast developedeconomies. 94.TheEuropeanUnionprovidesthemost comparableregionaldatasetonthistopic, withastandardizedsurveyacrossEU countries. 3 Thewidermembershipof theOECDhasareasonablycomparable setofstatistics,thoughtherearesome differencesinscope(industryandbusiness size)anddatacollected.Sofar,few developingeconomiescollectbusiness ICTusestatistics,buttheyareincreasingly usingthecorelistofindicatorsandthe standardssetbythe Partnership.Recent measurementinitiativesbyeconomiesof theLatinAmericaandCaribbeanregion aredescribedinBox3below. 2. Measurement status Table 15. Summary of global measurement status by level of development: 4 use of ICT by businesses 5 IndicatorDevelopedTransitionDevelopingLeastTotalnumber economieseconomieseconomiesdevelopedofeconomies economieswitheach Proportionofeconomieswitheachindicatorindicator B161%37%17%0%56 B257%26%8%0%42 B365%42%18%0%61 B457%26%9%0%43 B565%47%16%0%60 B659%21%12%0%47 B765%26%13%0%53 B865%26%13%0%53 B963%21%14%0%52 B1055%42%10%0%47 B1161%21%8%0%43 B1261%32%14%0%53 Totaleconomies491912050238 Source: UNCTAD and Eurostat (see Annex 1 for more detail). 54 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Box 3. Measurement initiatives in the Latin America and the Caribbean region Inthelastthreeyears,nineoftheregion’scountrieshave incorporatedatleastonecoreICTindicatorintheir businesssurveys.Morethanhalfoftheninecountries collectallthecoreindicatordataforbusinessICTuse andthequestionsaskedarereasonablycomparable. However,differencesinsurveyvehiclesandscope betweencountriesmeanthattherearecomparability issuesinrespectofsurveyoutput.Thetypesofsurveys generallyusedasvehiclesforICTusedataareregular surveysofmanufacturing,commercialorserviceirms; innovationandR&Dsurveys;orstand-aloneICT surveys.ManyofthecountriescollectICTusedata annually,thoughotherscollectthemlessfrequentlyor haveonlycollectedthemasaone-offexercise. Source: Olaya (2007). 55 Chapter 4. Use of ICT by businesses 3.1 Business ICT use statistics 95.Table16showsavailabledataforthecore indicatorswithoutsub-categories.The otherindicatorsareshowninTable17and Chart8belowandrefertoInternetactivities undertakenandthemeansofaccessingthe Internet,respectively. 6 96.FortheEuropeanUnioncountries comprising‘EU25’, 7 dataareshownas asingleaggregate.Othercountriesare shownindividually. 97.Thedatashowasimilarpatternasfor households,thatis,thatbusinessesin developedeconomiesaremorelikelyto haveahighlevelofICTuse.Formost economies,theproportionofemployees usingacomputerortheInternetis considerablysmallerthantheproportion ofbusinessesthatuseacomputeror theInternet.Thisindicatesthatwithin businesseswithICT,widespreaduseofICT byemployeeshasnotbeenachievedbyany economies.Thesituationismoremarked fortransitionanddevelopingeconomies. 8 3. Statistical summary 56 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Table 16. Selected core indicators on use of ICT by businesses, 9 latest year available 10 LevelofEconomy 12 ProportionofbusinesesProportionofProportionofbusinesses developmentemployeesusingtheInternet andregion 11 UsingUsingtheWithanWithaWithanUsingUsingtheWithawebReceivingPlacing computersInternetintranetLANextranetcomputersInternetpresenceordersviaordersvia (B1)(B3)(B6)(B10)(B11)(B2)(B4)(B5)InternetInternet (B7)(B8) Developed economies AsiaJapan 13 98%90%40%60%86%16%21% EuropeFrance 7 99%94%40%22%63%34%65%16%26% EuropeIceland99%97%36%50%30%58%46%72%7%13% EuropeNorway97%94%34%16%59%50%76%25%66% EuropeSwitzerland99%98%61%80%33%57%48%92%23%58% EuropeEU25 7 96%93%35%70%15%49%37%69%15%42% N.AmericaBermuda80%71%34%62%37%56%14%41% N.AmericaCanada95%17%71%13%65% OceaniaAustralia96%87%52%21%55% OceaniaNewZealand96%95%22%62%8%63%37%60% Transition economies AsiaAzerbaijan38%9%11%9%2%33% EuropeBelarus84%38%41%27% EuropeBulgaria90%75%35%53%4%21%15%44%5%8% EuropeRomania77%58%23%45%19%22%16%41%4%11% EuropeRussianFederation91%53%52%30%12%28%24%31% Developing economies AfricaEgypt100%53%34%79%2%18%10%71%35%21% AfricaMauritius94%87%37%46%33%35% AsiaChina47%16%24%12%10% AsiaCyprus 14 95%86%21%7%43%31%50%6%21% AsiaHongKongSARChina88%83%29%61%10%58%46%52%3%22% AsiaMacaoSARChina76%53%26%16%21% AsiaQatar84%68%38%99%51%41% AsiaRepublicofKorea97%96%37%67%59%8%34% AsiaSingapore93%91%74%74%36%75%15%34% AsiaThailand 15 88%70%51%11%14% AsiaTurkey88%80%39%65%8%41%34%60% LACArgentina 16 100%96%47%82%21%40%25%74%46%45% LACBrazil99%94%39%95%22%48%37%50%50%52% LACChile60%49%13%3%39%4%7% LACCuba95%71%34%59%30%24%1%4% LACPanama90%80%28%53%14%32%20%39%44% Source: UNCTAD and Eurostat (7 December 2007). 57 Chapter 4. Use of ICT by businesses 98.Table17belowprovidesinformationon thefunctionsforwhichbusinessesusethe Internet.Unfortunately,theactivitiesare notverycomparablebetweencountries. 17 However,somebroadconclusionscanbe drawn. 99.Notsurprisingly,useoftheInternetfor emailandforindinginformationis generallyhighamongInternetbusiness users,irrespectiveoftheircountry.Useof theInternetforprovidingcustomerservices anddeliveringproductsonlineisgenerally lesscommon.Thetransaction-based activitiesofbankingandtransactingwith governmentaregenerallyhigheramong Internetusersindevelopedeconomies, althoughtherearesomedeveloping economiesthatalsohaveahighlevelof theseactivities. 58 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Table 17. Businesses 9 using the Internet by type of activity, proportion of Internet users, latest year available 10 LevelofEconomy 12 SendingorGettingGettingOtherInternetTransactingProvidingDeliveringOther developmentreceivinginformationinformationinformationbankingwithcustomerproductstypesof andregion 11 e-mailaboutgoodsfromsearchesorinancialpublicservicesonlineactivity orservicesgovernmentorresearchservicesauthorities Developed economies EuropeFrance 7 77%66% EuropeIceland90%87%94%65% EuropeNorway55%92%74% EuropeSwitzerland98%60%85%57%21%22% EuropeEU25 7,18 59%84%60%65%8% N.AmericaCanada 19 98% OceaniaAustralia50% OceaniaNewZealand 20 68%87%77%30% Transition economies AsiaAzerbaijan26%26%26% EuropeBulgaria57%47%53%61% EuropeRomania94%65%65%52%10%9%4% EuropeRussianFederation 21 92%55%43%15%5%5% Developing economies AfricaEgypt93%59%59%27%6%36%0% AsiaChina80%65%46%39%37%35%11% AsiaCyprus 14 67%57%44% AsiaHongKongSARChina 22 97%96%73%42%23%43%53% AsiaMacaoSARChina89%20%69%15%4% AsiaRep.ofKorea89%61%54%78%67%43%35%13%2% AsiaSingapore93%93%64%42% AsiaThailand 15 81%65%10%24%21%14% AsiaTurkey56%75%63%16%38% LACArgentina 16 97%88%75%40%84%57%43%6%55% LACBrazil98%78%59%82%80%84%31%14% LACChile99% LACPanama97%81%68%61%70%36%39%70% Source: UNCTAD and Eurostat (7 December 2007). 59 Chapter 4. Use of ICT by businesses 100.Asisthecaseforhouseholdindicators, fewtimeseriesofbusinessICTusedata exist.ThebestexamplesarefortheEU15 countriesandselectedseriesareshown inChart7below.Itshowsthatuseof computers,theInternet,LANs,extranets andintranets,andawebpresenceare levelingoff. Chart 7. Change in business use of the Internet for selected indicators, EU15, proportion of all businesses with 10 or more employees 23 Source: Eurostat, 7 December 2007. 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100 % 0% Pr opor ti on of bus in es se s us in g co m put er s (B 1) Pr opor ti on of bus in es se s us in g th e In te r net (B 3) Pr opor ti on of bus in es se s wi th a lo ca l area net wo rk (L AN ) (B 10 ) Pr o por ti on of bus in es se s wi th an ex tr ane t (B 11) Pr o por ti on of bus in es se s wi th an in tr anet (B 6) Pr o por ti on of bus in es se s wi th a w eb pres en ce (B 5) 101.Chart8showsthatEU15businesses, likehouseholds,areincreasinglyusing broadbandtoaccesstheInternet,witha bigdropinaccessbydial-up(analogue modem)andISDNovertheperiod2003to 2007. 60 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View 102.Somegoodtimeseriesdataareavailable forothercountries,especiallythosethat aremembersoftheOECD(forinstance, Australia(ABS,2007);Canada(Statistics Chart 8. Change in how businesses access the Internet, EU15, proportion of Internet users 24 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 0% Pr opor ti on of bus in e sse s us in g t he In te rnet by ty pe of a cce ss , ana lo gue m ode m (B 9) Pr opor ti on of bus in e sse s us in g t he In te rnet by ty pe of a cce ss , broadband (B 9) Pr oport i on of bus in e sse s us in g t he In te rnet by ty pe of a cce ss, IS DN (B 9) Source: Eurostat, 7 December 2007. Canada,2007)andJapan(MIC,2006)). Asmallnumberofdevelopingeconomies alsohaveseveralyears’worthofdata, includingThailand(seeChart9below). 61 Chapter 4. Use of ICT by businesses 3.2 Regional analysis 103.Theonlyregionthatiswellrepresented inbusinessICTusestatisticsisEurope. Historically,thisisbecauseEuropean countrieswerequicktoinluenceandadopt OECDrecommendationsonmeasuring useofICTbybusinesses.Inaddition, Eurostatmemberstatesareobligedto produceICTusestatisticsannuallyper frameworkregulation808/2004. 25 This ensuresharmoniseddataforEUmember statesandwillacceleratetheproduction ofICTusestatisticsbyotherparticipating countries. 104.OtherregionsoutsideEurope,andexcluding OECDmembercountries,havestartedto producebusinessICTusestatisticsonlyfairly recently.AtanUNCTADexpertmeetingon measuringe-commerceinSeptember2003, themethodologiesdevelopedbyWPIISwere irstpresentedtoanumberofdeveloping economyparticipants.Atthattime,hardly anydevelopingeconomywascollecting businessICTusestatistics.Duringthepast iveyears,thisnumberhasincreasedtoover 20developingandtransitioneconomies. Giventheslowpaceimplicitinthedesign andproductionofstatisticsgenerally,thisis animpressivedevelopmentandisexpected tocontinueduringthenextfewyears. MostprogressisbeingmadeintheLatin AmericanandCaribbeanregion,strongly supportedbyUNECLAC(seeBox3). Chart 9. Internet use and web presence of Thai businesses, with 10 or more employees 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 2004 2005 2006 Pr opor ti on of bus in es se s wi th a cce ss to In te r net Pr o por ti on of bus in es se s wi th w eb pres en ce Source: UNCTAD. Notes 1 Theframeworkincludesthepublication Manual for the Production of Statistics on the Information Economy.The ManualincludesamodelquestionnaireonbusinessuseofICTplusotherreferencematerial. 62 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View 2 Somecategorieshavebeenslightlyreworded,consistentwiththeUNCTADManual(UNCTAD,2007a).The changesareminorandnochangestotimeseriesdataareexpected. 3 Eurostat,thestatisticaloficeoftheEuropeanCommunitiesalsocollectsdatafromasmallnumberofnonEU countries,includingNorway,Icelandandcandidatecountries.DataforthosecountriesarenotincludedinEU aggregates. 4 Annex1showstheeconomieswhichareincludedineach‘levelofdevelopment’and‘region’category.The classiicationisbasedontheUNStatisticalDivision’s Standard country or area codes for statistical use,seehttp:// unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm.TheclassiicationwasrevisedinJanuary2008andisnowslightly differentfromtheversionusedtoaggregatedataforthispublication.ThedifferencesaredetailedinAnnex1. 5 Anindicatorwasconsideredtobe availableifUNCTADorEurostatreceivedcompleteorpartialdataforit (includingzerovalues)fortheyear2002orlater.ThetotaleconomycountincludescountriesfromwhichUNCTAD doesnotcollectdata.SeeAnnex1fordetails. 6 ThemeansofaccessingtheInternetreferstothetypeofInternetaccessserviceused(ISDN,DSLetc).Whilequite alargenumberofcountriescollectthisinformation,thedeinitionsofresponsecategoriesarevariable(possibly relectingthetechnicalcomplexityoftheresponseitems).Thereforeatableofdatahasnotbeenincludedinthis publication.However,Eurostattimeseriesdatashowingthechangeinanaloguemodem,ISDNandbroadband servicesovertimehavebeenincluded(Chart8). 7 Thereare27countriesintheEuropeanUnionbuttwo(RomaniaandBulgaria)areclassiiedastransitioneconomies (forthepurposesofthispublication).TheaggregatechosenfordisplayhereisthereforeEU25,representing theremaining25EUcountries.NotethatCyprusisincludedintheEU25aggregationbutisclassiiedinthis publicationasadevelopingeconomy.DataforCyprusarethereforealsoshownwiththoseofotherdeveloping economies.FranceisnotincludedintheEU25aggregatesoitsdataareshownseparately.EU25dataarethe aggregatesfor2006andwereextractedfromEurostat’sdatabase,version7December2007.ThescopeofEurostat EU25datapresentedhereisall(inscope)industriesexcludingtheinancialsector(NACED,F,G,H,I,K,O)and businesseswith10ormoreemployees. 8 IndicatorsB2andB4areaffectedbyindustrialcomposition.Forinstance,aneconomywithahighproportionof manufacturingbusinessesislikelytohavealowerlevelofemployeeICTuse. 9 Generallybusinesseswith10ormoreemployees.Exceptions,whereknown,areshowninendnotes. 10 Latest year availableisgenerally2005or2006.Whiledatafor2007areavailableformanyEUcountries,2006 datahavebeenusedforEU25becausethe2006aggregatesincludemoreEUcountriesthanthe2007aggregates. Datafrom2002orearlierhavebeenexcluded.SeeAnnex1fordetailsofdataavailability. 11 Someregionnameshavebeenabbreviatedtosavespace.FullnamescanbefoundinAnnex1. 12 Someeconomynameshavebeenabbreviatedtosavespace.FullnamescanbefoundinAnnex1. 13 Datarefertoenterpriseswith100ormoreemployees. 14 CyprusisalsoincludedintheEU25aggregate. 15 Datarefertoenterpriseswith16ormoreemployees. 16 Datareferonlytothemanufacturingsector. 17 Informationonthecategoriesforwhichcountriescollectdataisnotwidelyavailable,thereforeitispossiblethat comparabilityisworsethanindicatedbythenotes. 18 ProvidingcustomerservicesreferstotheproportionofInternetuserswhichuseawebsitetodoatleastone of:marketing,facilitatingaccesstocataloguesandpricelists,orprovidingaftersalessupport.Transactingwith publicauthoritiesreferstobusinessesusingtheInternettoobtainformsfromgovernmentorganizations/public authorities.DeliveringproductsonlinereferstoInternetuserswhichhaveawebsitefacilitytodeliverdigital products(2005data). 19 EnterprisesusingtheInternetfordeliveringproductsonlinerefertoenterprisesdeliveringdigitisedproducts(via websiteorotherInternet). 20 EnterprisesusingtheInternetforprovidingcustomerservicesincludesdeliveryofproductsonlineandothertypes ofactivity. 63 Chapter 4. Use of ICT by businesses 21 EnterprisesusingtheInternetforbankingoraccessingotherinancialservicesincludesenterprisesusingthe Internettopayforsupplyproducts(procurement). 22 EnterprisesusingtheInternetforgettinginformationfromGovernmentorganizations/publicauthoritiesinclude transactionswithgovernmentauthorities.EnterprisesusingtheInternetforothertypesofactivityincludeon-line purchase/orderingandsalesofgoods,servicesorinformation,softwaredownloadandmiscelaneousactivities. 23 ThenumberofcountriesincludedinEU15isfewerfor2007(between10and12countries);somecomponent countrieshaveanarrowerindustryscopefor2003and/or2004. 24 ThenumberofcountriesincludedinEU15isfewerfor2007(12countries);somecomponentcountrieshavea narrowerindustryscopefor2003and/or2004. 25 TheregulationensuresharmoniseddataforEUmemberstatesandotherparticipatingEEAcountriesuntil2010. 65 Chapter 5. The ICT-producing sector and international trade in ICT goods 105.Thedatapresentedinthischapterare basedonthecoreICTindicatorsforthe ICT-producingsector(hereafterreferredto astheICTsector)andinternationaltrade inICTgoods.Theindicatorsareshownin Table18belowandaredeinedinAnnex 5. 106.StatisticsontheICTsectorareusually compiledfromtheoutputofsectoral surveysthatcollectemployment, incomeandexpensedatafornational accountspurposes.Whilesomecountries speciicallysurveytheICTsector,mostuse availableindustrystatistics.Particular ICT characteristicsofthesestatisticsinclude thedeinitionoftheICTsector(seeBox 4below)anddeinitionsofthevariables usedinthecoreindicators. 107.TheICTsectordeinitionusedinthis publicationdatesfrom2002andisbased onISICRevision3.1.Amorerecent version,basedonISICRev.4wasreleased bytheOECDin2007butgiventhatit willbesometimebeforemostcountries adoptISICRev.4,the2002versionis likelytobeinuseforsomeyears.More informationonthe2007versionmaybe foundinAnnex1bofOECD’s Guide to Measuring the Information Society(2007a) andUNCTAD’s Manual for the Production of Statistics on the Information Economy (2007a). 108.OECDandEurostatcompileICTsector databasedonthecollectionsoftheir membercountries.UNCTADcollects ICTsectorcoreindicatordatafromits membercountries.Itsendsanannual questionnaire,basedonthecoreICT businessindicators(coveringtheuseofICT bybusinessesandtheICTsector),toNSOs worldwide,exceptthosecountrieswho aremembersoftheEuropeanStatistical System.TheUnitedNationsIndustrial DevelopmentOrganization(UNIDO) compilesmanufacturingindustrystatistics (includingthoserelevanttotheICT manufacturingindustries)foranumberof countries. 1 109.ThecoreindicatorsontradeinICTgoods useadministrativetradedatacollected byindividualcountriesforcustoms purposes.Thedataareultimatelybrought togetherbytheUnitedNationsStatistics Division(UNSD)intheUnitedNations Chapter 5. The ICT-producing sector and international trade in ICT goods 1. Introduction 66 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View CommodityTradeStatisticsDatabase ( UN COMTRADE)(UNSD,2007a). Particular ICTcharacteristicsofthese indicatorsincludethedeinitionofICT goods,andsourcesandconceptsrelating tointernationaltradestatistics. 110.ThedeinitionofICTgoodsassociated withthecoreindicatorsontrade(ICT3and ICT4)isthatagreedbyOECDmember countriesin2003.Itisbasedonthe HarmonizedSystemclassiicationsof2002 and1996,andcanbefoundatAnnex6.It shouldbenotedthattheOECDiscurrently developinganICTgoodsclassiication basedontheCentralProductClassiication Version2. Table 18. Core indicators for the ICT sector and trade in ICT goods ICT1ProportionoftotalbusinesssectorworkforceinvolvedintheICTsector(usuallyexpressed asapercentage) ICT2ValueaddedintheICTsector(asapercentageoftotalbusinesssectorvalueadded).(See Table19belowforthevaluationofvalueadded.) ICT3ICTgoodsimportsasapercentageoftotalimports ICT4ICTgoodsexportsasapercentageoftotalexports Source: Core ICT Indicators ( Partnership , 2005c). Box 4. The 2002 OECD ICT sector deinition (based on ISIC Rev. 3.1) ICT Manufacturing -3000Manufactureofofice,accountingandcomputingmachinery -3130Manufactureofinsulatedwireandcable* -3210Manufactureofelectronicvalvesandtubesandotherelectroniccomponents -3220Manufactureoftelevisionandradiotransmittersandapparatusforlinetelephonyandline telegraphy -3230Manufactureoftelevisionandradioreceivers,soundorvideorecordingorreproducing apparatus,andassociatedgoods -3312Manufactureofinstrumentsandappliancesformeasuring,checking,testing,navigatingand otherpurposes,exceptindustrialprocesscontrolequipment* -3313Manufactureofindustrialprocesscontrolequipment* ICT Services -5151Wholesaleofcomputers,computerperipheralequipmentandsoftware -5152Wholesaleofelectronicandtelecommunicationspartsandequipment -6420Telecommunications -7123Rentingofoficemachineryandequipment(includingcomputers) -72Computerandrelatedactivities * Note that the activity of these classes is excluded from the OECD’s 2007 definition of the ICT sector. Source: Guide to Measuring the Information Society 2007 (OECD, 2007a). 67 Chapter 5. The ICT-producing sector and international trade in ICT goods 111.Theconcept,‘valueadded’,isusedin theindicator,ICT2,andisdeinedbythe SNA1993as“thevalueofoutputlessthe valueofintermediateconsumption;itisa measureofthecontributiontoGDPmade byanindividualproducer,industryor sector;grossvalueaddedisthesourcefrom whichtheprimaryincomesoftheSNAare generatedandisthereforecarriedforward intotheprimarydistributionofincome account.”(UNSDwebsite).Notethatthe conceptdeinedhereandusedinICT2is ‘grossvalueadded’;‘netvalueadded’is grossvalueaddedlesstheconsumptionof ixedcapital.Valueaddedcanbecalculated invariouswaysasshowninTable19below. Mostcountriesappeartousevalueadded atfactorcosts. Table 19. Valuation of value added Valueaddedatfactorcosts +othertaxes,lesssubsidies,onproduction(1) =Valueaddedatbasicprices +taxeslesssubsidies,onproducts(2) (notincludingimportsandVAT) =Valueaddedatproducers’prices +taxes,lesssubsidies,onimports +Tradeandtransportcosts +Non-deductibleVAT(valueaddedtax) =Valueaddedatmarketprices(3) (1).Theseconsistmostlyofcurrenttaxes(and subsidies)onthelabourorcapitalemployed,such aspayrolltaxesorcurrenttaxesonvehiclesand buildings. (2).Theseconsistoftaxes(andsubsidies)payable perunitofsomegoodorserviceproduced,suchas turnovertaxesandexciseduties. (3).Marketpricesarethosethatpurchaserspay forthegoodsandservicestheyacquireoruse, excludingdeductibleVAT.Thetermisusually usedinthecontextofaggregatessuchasGDP, whereaspurchaserpricesrefertotheindividual transactions. Source: Core ICT Indicators ( Partnership , 2005c), based on concepts outlined in both the 1968 and 1993 versions of the System of National Accounts (SNA68 and SNA93). 68 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View 2.1 The ICT sector 112.Table20belowsummarizestheglobal measurementstatusforICTsector indicatorsbylevelofdevelopment. Thetableshowsthattheavailabilityof indicators,ICT1andICT2,rangesfrom reasonablefordevelopedeconomies(about twothirdsproduceICTsectordata)tovery poorfortheleastdevelopedeconomies (withnoeconomiesknowntoproduceICT sectordata). 113.Compoundinglackofdatainthisarea, thereareseveralissuesconcerningdata comparabilitybetweencountries.Thisis mostmarkedforthedeinitionoftheICT sectorusedbydifferenteconomiesbutalso affectsthedeinitionofthebusinesssector, andthecurrencyofavailabledata. 114.Themostlikelyexplanationforboththelack ofICTsectordataandpoorcomparability betweencountriesisthattheICTsector includesseveral4digitlevelISICclasses andmanycountriesonlycollectindustry dataatthetwodigitlevelofdetail. 115.RegardingtheICTsectordeinition,the majorscopedifferencebetweencountries isthatUNIDOdatareferonlytoICTand totalmanufacturing,whereasdatafrom UNCTADrefertothewholeICTsector. Apartfromthat,theICTsectorisdeined indifferentwaysbycountries,withmost beingbroaderthanthedeinitionspeciied forthecoreindicators(manycountriescan onlyprovideapproximatedatafortheICT sector,oftenusingbroaderlevelindustry datainsteadofthenarrowerdetailofthe ICTsectordeinition).Evenamongst Europeancountries,therearesigniicant differencesinindustrydataavailableto compilestatisticsfortheICTsector.The endnotestoTable22belowuseavailable metadatatodescribetheselimitations. However,forsomecountries,themetadata arelimited,sodonotsuficientlydescribe thestatisticsusedforthecoreindicators. 116.Differencesinthescopeofthebusiness sectorincludewhethertheinancialsector isincludedorexcluded(itisincluded bymostbutnotallEuropeancountries). Otherdifferencesnodoubtexistbutarenot generallywelldescribedbycountries. 117.Inaddition,muchofthedataarerelatively dated,withquitealargenumberof economiesonlyhavingdataavailablefor 2003orearlierandonlyasmallnumber havingdatafor2006.Datafrom2002 orearlierhavenotbeenincludedinthis publication. 118.Itisnotknowntowhatextentthese differencesaffectdatacomparisons, althoughsomeconclusionsareobvious, forinstance: •Thatcountrieswillhavehighervalues oftheindicatorsifthescopeoftheir ICTsectorisbroaderthantheOECD standard(forinstance,itincludes broadermanufacturingorwholesaling industriescategories); 2. Measurement status 69 Chapter 5. The ICT-producing sector and international trade in ICT goods •Thatcountrieswillhavehighervaluesof theindicatorsiftheirICTandbusiness sectorscopeisrestrictedtomore stronglyperformingindustries(for instance,arestrictiontomanufacturing foreconomiesthathavestrong manufacturingindustries);and •Thatanarrowerscopeofthebusiness sector(e.g.theexclusionoftheinancial sectorbysomeEuropeancountries) willincreasethevalueofICTsector indicators(andviceversa). 119.Itishopedthatthesituationwithregardto ICTsectormeasurementwillimprovein thefuture.Inparticular,theintroduction ofthe2007deinitionoftheICTsector (basedonISICRev.4)wouldsimplifythe ICTdeinitionbynarrowingit(seethenote inBox4).Itmayalsoprovideanimpetus forcountriestore-developtheirindustry surveysandtointroducemoredetailin respectoftheICTsector. 120.ItwouldbeusefultoreviewtheICT sectorcoreindicatorsand,inparticular,to considerwhetherthetotalbusinesssector shouldbere-speciiedtobetterrelectdata availability. 121.InitiativesbyUNESCWAtoenhance theavailabilityofICTsectordatainthe WesternAsiaandtheArabregionare describedinBox5. Box 5. Measurement initiatives in the Western Asia and the Arab region Whileeconomiesoftheregionareactiveinsomeareas ofICTmeasurement(forexample,ICTexpenditure andexportsofICTservices),thereisaneedto increaseeffortsindevelopingandmeasuringtheICT sector,inordertoattainregionaldevelopmentgoals. UNESCWAplanstoaddressthemeasurementgapby initiatingregionalsurveysforthecollectionofdataon basicindicatorsrelatedtoICTsectordevelopment.It willalsoprovidetechnicalassistancetonationalICT statisticsunitswithrespecttosectoraldatacollection andanalysis.Theseactivitiesareexpectedtocommence during2008–2009. Table 20. Summary of global measurement status by level of development: 2 ICT sector 3 IndicatorDevelopedTransitionDevelopingLeastdevelopedTotalnumber economieseconomieseconomieseconomiesofeconomies witheach Proportionofeconomieswitheachindicatorindicator ICT167%37%15%0%58 ICT265%16%10%0%47 Totaleconomies491912050238 Source: UNCTAD and UNIDO (see Annex 1 for more detail). 70 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View 2.2 Trade in ICT goods 122.Table21summarizestheglobal measurementstatusfortradeinICTgoods indicatorsbylevelofdevelopment.Data arewidelyavailablefromcountrytrade statistics,whicharecollectedbytheUNSD andpublishedintheir UN COMTRADE database. Table 21. Summary of global measurement status by level of development: 2 trade in ICT goods 4 IndicatorDevelopedTransitionDevelopingLeastdevelopedTotalnumber economieseconomieseconomieseconomiesofeconomies witheach Proportionofeconomieswitheachindicatorindicator ICT373%79%71%66%169 ICT473%79%68%62%164 Totaleconomies491912050238 Source: UN COMTRADE database (see Annex 1 for more detail). 71 Chapter 5. The ICT-producing sector and international trade in ICT goods 3.1 The ICT sector 123.Table22presentsdataontheICTsector forindividualeconomies.Thelimitations ondatacomparabilityarediscussedabove andaredetailedintheendnotestothe chapter. 124.Notwithstandingthesigniicant comparabilitylimitationsthatexist,two broadobservationsmaybemade: •ThevalueofICT1(proportionoftotal businesssectorworkforceinvolvedin theICTsector)isalmostinvariablyless thanthevalueofICT2(valueaddedin theICTsectorasapercentageoftotal businesssectorvalueadded),indicating that,comparedwithotherindustries, theICTsectorproducesarelatively highlevelofoutputforthelabourinput required;and •TheICTsectorisstrongforanumberof developedanddevelopingeconomies, butnotasstrongforthetransition economies(withtheexceptionof Romania).Itisnotpossibletobe morespeciicgiventhecomparability limitationsdescribedabove. 3. Statistical summary Table 22. ICT sector core indicators, latest year available 5 LevelofRegion 2 Economy 6 ICT1.ProportionofICT2.Valueadded development 2 totalbusinesssectorintheICTsector workforceinvolved(asapercentageof intheICTsectortotalbusiness sectorvalueadded) DevelopedAsiaJapan7%12% DevelopedEuropeAustria 7 6%9% DevelopedEuropeBelgium 7 7%11% DevelopedEuropeCroatia 8 3% DevelopedEuropeCzechRepublic 7 4%9% DevelopedEuropeDenmark 7 7%8% DevelopedEuropeFinland 7 10%15% DevelopedEuropeFrance 7 7%11% DevelopedEuropeGermany 7 5%9% DevelopedEuropeIceland6%7% DevelopedEuropeIreland 7 5%6% DevelopedEuropeItaly 7 5%9% DevelopedEuropeLatvia 9 3%9% DevelopedEuropeLithuania 10 4%9% DevelopedEuropeLuxembourg 11 4%9% 72 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View LevelofRegion 2 Economy 6 ICT1.ProportionofICT2.Valueadded development 2 totalbusinesssectorintheICTsector workforceinvolved(asapercentageof intheICTsectortotalbusiness sectorvalueadded) DevelopedEuropeNetherlands 7 6%7% DevelopedEuropeNorway 12 5%12% DevelopedEuropePoland 13 2%3% DevelopedEuropePortugal 7 3%4% DevelopedEuropeSlovakia 13 6%10% DevelopedEuropeSlovenia 14 3%5% DevelopedEuropeSpain 7 4%8% DevelopedEuropeSweden 13 8%12% DevelopedEuropeUnitedKingdom 13 7%12% DevelopedNorthernAmericaBermuda3%4% DevelopedNorthernAmericaCanada 15 4%4% DevelopedNorthernAmericaUnitedStates 16 5%9% DevelopedOceaniaAustralia 17 5%10% DevelopedOceaniaNewZealand3%7% TransitionAsiaAzerbaijan 18 3% TransitionAsiaKyrgyzstan 19 2% TransitionEuropeBulgaria 20 1%2% TransitionEuropeRomania 21 3%10% TransitionEuropeRussianFederation4%5% TransitionEuropeUkraine 22 3% DevelopingAfricaEgypt6% DevelopingAfricaMauritius 23 4%7% DevelopingAfricaMorocco 24 1%2% DevelopingAfricaSouthAfrica 22 2% DevelopingAsiaCyprus 14 3%8% DevelopingAsiaHongKong SARChina 25 4%5% DevelopingAsiaIndia 26 2%4% DevelopingAsiaIndonesia 27 3%5% DevelopingAsiaIran,Islamic Republicof 28 3%2% DevelopingAsiaMalaysia6% DevelopingAsiaRepublicofKorea 29 11%20% DevelopingAsiaSingapore 22 27%33% DevelopingAsiaThailand3% DevelopingLatinAmericaand theCaribbeanBrazil 30 2% DevelopingLatinAmericaand theCaribbeanChile1%3% DevelopingLatinAmericaand theCaribbeanCuba3%5% DevelopingLatinAmericaand theCaribbeanPanama 31 3% Source: UNCTAD, UNIDO and OECD (which provided estimates for the United States). 73 Chapter 5. The ICT-producing sector and international trade in ICT goods 3.2 Trade in ICT goods 125.Table23belowpresents2006dataon tradeinICTgoods,aggregatedbylevel ofdevelopmentandregion.In2006, developingeconomieshadthehighest valueofICT3(ICTgoodsimportsasa percentageoftotalimports),at22percent. Whilstdevelopedeconomieshadalower proportion(12percent),theirtotalvalueof ICTgoodsimportswasthehighestat949 USDbillion.Leastdevelopedeconomies hadthelowestvalueofICT3(3percent). 126.Developingeconomieshadamuchhigher proportionofICTgoodsexportstototal exports(ICT4)thancountriesatother levelsofdevelopment(23percent). Inaddition,theabsolutevalueofICT goodsexportswashighestfordeveloping economies,at942USDbillion.Thehigh valuesfordevelopingeconomiesrelect thedominationofseveralAsianeconomies inICTgoodsexporting,namelyChina, HongKong(SARChina),Malaysiaand Singapore,whichtogethercontributed twothirds(67percent)oftotalICTgoods exportsfordevelopingeconomies. 127.Althoughitisnotacoreindicator,the ratio‘ValueofICTgoodsexportsasa percentageofvalueofICTgoodsimports’ showstheICTgoodsbalanceoftrade. TheratioshowsthatAsiandeveloping economiesarenetexporters(125percent) andthatdevelopedeconomiesaremarginal netimporters(84percent).Transitionand leastdevelopedeconomieshavealarge balanceoftradedeicitforICTgoods(at 14and5percentrespectively). Table 23. ICT trade core indicators, 32 2006 Levelofdevelopmentandregion 2 ICT3.ICTgoodsICT4.ICTgoodsICTgoodsexports importsasaexportsasaasapercentage percentageoftotalpercentageofofICTgoods importstotalexportsimports Developed economies 12%11%84% Asia 33 14%19%158% Europe11%10%89% NorthernAmerica14%13%59% Oceania12%2%14% Transition economies 6%1%14% Asia5%0.1%2% Europe7%1%15% Developing economies 22%23%117% Africa6%1%18% Asia24%27%125% LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean14%9%68% Oceania4%0.1%3% Least developed economies3%0.2%5% Africa5%0.4%5% Asia1%na3% LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean 33 nanana Oceaniananana Total world 15%15%98% Source: UN COMTRADE database, February 2008. 74 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View 128.Charts10and11presentaten-yeartime seriesofICTtradedatafromtheyear1997 to2006.Chart10revealsasigniicant riseovertheperiodinthevalueofICT importsforalllevelsofdevelopment.The risewasnotsteady,beinginterruptedfor ashorttimeafter2000.Whiletherisefor transitionandleastdevelopedeconomies wasalsoveryhigh,the2006valuesarestill lowrelativetootherlevels. 129.Chart11showsthattheincreaseinthe valueofICTexportshasrisenvery quicklysince2001.Intermsofvalue, thedevelopingeconomiesovertookthe developedeconomiesin2004.AswithICT imports,theyear2000wasapeakyearand valuesdroppedinthefollowingyearfor alllevelsofdevelopmentexceptforthe transitioneconomies,wherethevaluerose slightly. 130.Amongdevelopingeconomies,China accountedfornearlyhalf(44percent) ofthechangeinthevalueofICTgoods exportsovertheperiod,1997to2006. ChinaalsodominatedthegrowthinICT exportsglobally,accountingforjustunder athird(30percent)oftotalgrowthinvalue between1997and2006. Chart 10. ICT goods imports, 1997 to 2006 Source: UN COMTRADE database, February 2008. 0 100 000 200 000 300 000 400 000 500 000 600 000 700 000 800 000 900 000 1 000 000 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 200 6 US Dm illi on De ve l oped ec onom ie s Tr an si ti on ec ono mi es De ve l opi ng ec onom ie s Leas t dev el oped ec ono mi es 75 Chapter 5. The ICT-producing sector and international trade in ICT goods 3.3 Regional analysis 3.3.1 The ICT sector 131.Asdiscussedearlierinthischapter,ICT sectordatahavevariouslimitationsin termsofinternationalcomparability. Nevertheless,datainTable22donot showparticularregionalpatterns.Instead, individualcountriesinAsiaandEurope haverelativelyhighvaluesofthecore indicators,withsmallvaluesmoreevenly spread.Ofparticularnote,withhighvalues, areFinlandinEuropeandtheRepublic ofKoreaandSingaporeinAsia.Many countrieswithsmallvaluesofICT1have relativelyhighvaluesforICT2,indicating thattheirICTindustriesaremorelabour- intensivethanthoseofothercountries. PlansformeasuringtheICTsectorin theWesternAsiaandtheArabregionare describedinBox5. 3.3.2 Trade in ICT goods 132.Table23presentsregionaldataontradein ICTgoods.Thedevelopingeconomiesof AsiahadthehighestlevelsofbothICT3 andICT4(24and27percentrespectively). ValuesforAfricaandthedeveloping economiesofOceaniawerelowforboth indicators,butparticularlyforICT4. Chart 11. ICT goods exports, 1997 to 2006 Source: UN COMTRADE database, February 2008. 0 100 000 200 000 300 000 400 000 500 000 600 000 700 000 800 000 900 000 1 000 000 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 200 6 US Dm illio n De ve lo ped ec onom ie s Tr an si ti on ec ono mi es De ve lo pi ng ec onom ie s Leas t dev el oped ec onom ie s 76 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Notes 1 UNIDO’s INDSTAT4(2007)databasecontainstimeseriesdatafor113countries.Datafromnon-OECDcountries arecollectedfromNSOsbyUNIDO(anddatafromOECDmembercountriesarecollectedbyOECDandprovided toUNIDO).AlldataaresupplementedbyestimatesgeneratedbyUNIDO(UNIDO,2007). 2 Annex1showstheeconomieswhichareincludedineach‘levelofdevelopment’and‘region’category.The classiicationisbasedontheUNStatisticalDivision’s Standard country or area codes for statistical use,seehttp:// unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm.TheclassiicationwasrevisedinJanuary2008andisnowslightly differentfromtheversionusedtoaggregatedataforthispublication.ThedifferencesaredetailedinAnnex1. 3 Anindicatorwasconsideredtobe availableifUNCTADorUNIDOreceivedcompleteorpartialdataforit (includingzerovalues)fortheyear2002orlater.ThetotaleconomycountincludescountriesfromwhichUNCTAD andUNIDOdonotcollectdata.SeeAnnex1fordetails. 4 Anindicatorwasconsideredtobe availableifdatawereavailablefromthe UN COMTRADEdatabaseatthetime ofextraction(September2007withanupdateon22February2008for2005and2006data).SeeAnnex1for details. 5 Latest year availableisgenerally2004or2005.Datafrom2002orearlierhavebeenexcluded.SeeAnnex1for details. 6 Someeconomynameshavebeenabbreviatedtosavespace.FullnamescanbefoundinAnnex1. 7 TheICTsectoristhesumofNACERev.1.1categories,D30,D313,D321,D322,D323,D3320,D3330,G518, I642,K7133,K72.ThetotalbusinesssectoristhesumofNACEcategories,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J6512_652,J6601, J66021,J6603,J6605,K71-74.DatawereextractedfromtheEurostaton-linedatabaseinAugust2007.Value addedisatfactorcost. 8 Manufacturingsectoronly,numberofemployeesisasof31Marchofthereferenceyear. 9 ThetotalbusinesssectorconsistsofNACERev.1.1C,D,E,F,G,H,I,Kexcept70. 10 TheICTsectoristhesumofavailableNACEclassiications(NACErev.1.1D30-33,G51,I64,K71,K72). ThetotalbusinesssectoristhesumoftheavailableNACEclassiications(NACErev.1.1C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J 6512_652,J6601,J66021,J6603,J6605,K71-74).DatawereextractedfromtheEurostaton-linedatabasein August2007.Valueaddedisatfactorcost. 11 TheICTsectoristhesumofNACERev.1.1categories,D30,D313,D321,D322,D323,D3320,D3330,G5184, I642,K7133,K72.ThetotalbusinesssectoristhesumofNACEcategories,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J6512_652,J6601, J66021,J6603,J6605,K71-74.DatawereextractedfromtheEurostaton-linedatabaseinAugust2007.Value addedisatfactorcost. 12 TheICTsectoristhesumofNACERev.1.1categories,D30-33,G5184,G5186,I64,K71,K72.Thetotal businesssectoristhesumofNACEcategories,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J6512_652,J6601,J66021,J6603,J6605,K 71-74.DatawereextractedfromtheEurostaton-linedatabaseinAugust2007.Valueaddedisatfactorcost. 13 TheICTsectoristhesumofNACERev1.1categories,D30,D313,D321,D322,D323,D3320,D3330,G518, I642,K7133,K72.ThetotalbusinesssectoristhesumofNACEcategories,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,K71-74,i.e. excludingJ65-67(inancialintermediation).DatawereextractedfromtheEurostaton-linedatabaseinAugust 2007.Valueaddedisatfactorcost. 14 TheICTsectoristhesumofNACERev1.1categories,D30-33,G518,I642,K713,K72.Thetotalbusiness sectoristhesumofNACEcategories,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J6512_652,J6601,J66021,J6603,J6605,K71-74. DatawereextractedfromtheEurostaton-linedatabaseinAugust2007.Valueaddedisatfactorcost. 15 TheICTsectorworkforcedoesnotincludethefollowingindustries:ISIC7123;ISIC7240;partsofISIC7250. Datawereeithernotavailableornotsuitableforreleaseduetoconidentiality.Thetotalbusinesssectorworkforce includesemployeejobsandself-employedjobs. 16 OECDestimate.Totalbusinesssectorexcludesagriculture,ishingetc,realestateandnon-marketservices. 17 TheICTsectorworkforceestimatehasarelativestandarderrorof10%tolessthan25%andshouldbeusedwith caution.TheICTsectorexcludesISICclasses3230,3313and7123. 77 Chapter 5. The ICT-producing sector and international trade in ICT goods 18 Manufacturingsectoronly.ThedatapresentedinISIC(Rev.3)wereoriginallyclassiiedaccordingtoNACE (Rev.1). 19 Manufacturingsectoronly,datacollectedunderthenationalclassiicationsystemhavebeenreclassiiedbythe nationalauthoritiestocorrespondwithISIC(Rev.3).Employeesarethenumberofpeopleengaged. 20 Manufacturingsectoronly,excludesclasses3312and3313.DatawereconvertedfromNACE(Rev.2.2)toISIC (Rev.3).Valueaddedisatproducers’prices. 21 ThetotalbusinesssectoristhesumofNACERev1.1categories,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J6512_652,J6601,J66021, J6603,J6605,K71-74.DatawereextractedfromtheEurostaton-linedatabaseinAugust2007. 22 Manufacturingsectoronly. 23 TheICTsectorexcludesG5151butincludesG5239–Otherretailsaleinspecializedstores(notpartoftheICT sector)andK7499–Otherbusinessactivities,n.e.c.TheigureforthetotalICTsectorworkforceisprovisional. ThetotalICTsectorworkforceincludesNSIC80220part(technicalandvocationalinstitutionsprovidingtraining coursesinITonly).ThetotalbusinesssectorincludesNSICK74999(otherbusinessactivities,n.e.c.call-centres only),NSICG52396(retailtrade,dealerincomputerequipment),andM80220part(technicalandvocational institutionsprovidingtrainingcoursesinITonly). 24 Manufacturingsectoronly,excludesclass3313.Thescopeisenterpriseswith10ormoreemployeesoraturnoverof morethan100,000dirhamsperyear.Datacollectedunderthenationalclassiicationsystemhavebeenreclassiied byUNIDOtocorrespondwithISIC(Rev.3).Valueaddedisatfactorcost. 25 ThecoverageofthebusinesssectorusedinthestatisticslargelyfollowstheOECD’sdeinition,exceptthat ‘maintenanceandrepairofmotorvehiclesandmotorcycles’isnotincludedduetothelackofdetaileddata.Inother words,thebusinesssectorcoversminingandquarrying;manufacturing;electricity,gasandwater;construction; wholesales,retail,import/exporttrades,restaurants,hotels;transport,storageandcommunications;inancing, insuranceandbusinessservices. 26 Manufacturingsectoronly.DatawereoriginallyclassiiedaccordingtotheNationalIndustryClassiication(1998) whichisfullycompatiblewithISIC(Rev.3).Employeesequaltopersonsengaged.Valueaddedisatproducers’ prices. 27 Manufacturingsectoronly,excludesclass3313.Valueaddedisatfactorcost. 28 Manufacturingsectoronly.Valueaddedinproducers’prices. 29 FortheICTsector,ISICG5151referstoISICG515(3-digitlevel),andK7210referstoISICK72(2-digitlevel). 30 Therearenooficialdataforthebusinesssectorworkforce.WhilethedataontheICTsectorworkforcecomes fromRAIS,theigureforthetotalbusinesssectorworkforcecomesfromtheIBGE’s“EstatísticasdoCadastro CentraldeEmpresas2004”. 31 ICTsectorworkforceiguresareprovisional. 32 Anoteonthepresentationofvaluesinthistable:theterm‘na’meansnotavailable,thatis,thereareinsuficient datatoproduceameaningfulaggregationornodataareavailable.Allvalueswhicharelessthan1havebeenshown to1decimalplace. 33 Thiscategoryconsistsofonecountryonly. 79 Chapter 6. ICT in education 133.FollowingtheirstphaseoftheWorld SummitontheInformationSociety,in 2003,theUNESCOInstituteforStatistics (UIS)joinedotherstakeholdersinvolvedin ICTmeasurementtoformthePartnership onMeasuringICTforDevelopment.UIS’ currentroleinthe Partnershipistolead theTaskGrouponEducation,thebrief ofwhichistodevelopaplantocollecta coresetofindicatorsontheroleofICTin education. 134.Throughvariousinitiativesandfora, 1 ahighpriorityhasbeenplacedonthe improvementofeducationinallcountries, withparticularemphasisonthemost marginalizedgroups(includinggirls andwomen,youthandleastdeveloped economies).InsupportoftheWSISPlan ofAction,in2000,UNESCOcreatedthe InformationforAllProgramme(IFAP) thatenablesGovernmentsto“harnessthe newopportunitiesoftheinformationage tocreateequitablesocietiesthroughbetter accesstoinformation”(UNESCO,2007). Chapter 6. ICT in education 1. Introduction Box 6. International imperatives for education and ICT policy UN Millennium Development Goals Goal2Achieveuniversalprimaryeducation.TARGET Ensurethat,by2015,childreneverywhere,boysand girlsalike,willbeabletocompleteafullcourseof primaryschooling. Goal8Developaglobalpartnershipfordevelopment. TARGETIncooperationwiththeprivatesector,make availablethebeneitsofnewtechnologies,especially informationandcommunications. WSIS Geneva 2003 Declaration of Principles “Our Common Vision of the Information Society” 2.Ourchallengeistoharnessthepotentialof informationandcommunicationtechnologytopromote thedevelopmentgoalsoftheMillenniumDeclaration, namelytheeradicationofextremepovertyandhunger; achievementofuniversalprimaryeducation;…. 80 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View WSIS Geneva 2003 Plan of Action “Objectives, goals and targets” B6btoconnectuniversities,colleges,secondary schoolsandprimaryschoolswithICTs. B6ctoconnectscientiicandresearchcentreswith ICTs. B6gtoadaptallprimaryandsecondaryschool curriculatomeetthechallengesofthe InformationSociety,takingintoaccountnational circumstances. WSIS Geneva 2003 Plan of Action “Capacity building” C4,11Everyoneshouldhavethenecessaryskillsto beneitfullyfromtheInformationSociety.Therefore, capacitybuildingandICTliteracyareessential.ICTscan contributetoachievinguniversaleducationworldwide, throughdeliveryofeducationandtrainingofteachers, andofferingimprovedconditionsforlifelonglearning, encompassingpeoplethatareoutsidetheformal educationprocess,andimprovingprofessionalskills. WSIS Tunis Commitment 2005 11.Furthermore,ICTsaremakingitpossibleforavastly largerpopulationthanatanytimeinthepasttojoinin sharingandexpandingthebaseofhumanknowledge, andcontributingtoitsfurthergrowthinallspheresof humanendeavouraswellasitsapplicationtoeducation, healthandscience.ICTshaveenormouspotentialto expandaccesstoqualityeducation,toboostliteracy anduniversalprimaryeducation,andtofacilitatethe learningprocessitself,thuslayingthegroundworkfor theestablishmentofafullyinclusiveanddevelopment- orientedInformationSocietyandknowledgeeconomy whichrespectculturalandlinguisticdiversity. Source: The UN Millennium Development Goals (UN, 2007), WSIS Outcome Documents: Geneva 2003 – Tunis 2005 (ITU, 2005). 135.UISworktowardstheidentiicationof asetofcomparableindicatorsonICTin educationhasbeeninformedbyarange ofinternationalsurveysthatassessthe educationalachievementsofstudents, withsomecomponentsrelatedtoICT,for instance,ICTusebystudents.Thesurveys include: •LatinAmericanLaboratoryforthe AssessmentofQualityinEducation (LABORATORIO1997); •MonitoringLearningAchievement (MLA1992-2003); •Programmed’AnalysedesSystèmes EducatifsdespaysdelaCONFEMEN (PASEC1993-1998); •ProgrammeforInternationalStudent Assessment(PISA2003); •ProgressinInternationalReading LiteracyStudy(PIRLS2001); •SecondInformationTechnologyin EducationStudy(SITES-M11997- 1999,SITES-M21999-2002,SITES- M32006); •SouthernandEastAfricaConsortium forMonitoringEducationalQuality (SACMEQ2000-2003); •TrendsinInternationalMathematics andScienceStudy(TIMSS2003); •WorldEducationIndicators–Surveyof PrimarySchools(WEI-SPS2004);and •UNESCOBangkok:Asia-Paciic RegionalSurvey(UAPRS2004). 136.Thesurveysvaryintheirapproachand content,forinstance,referenceperiods, targetpopulations,countrycoverage, surveymethodologyanddatacollected. Somesurveysfocusonmonitoringthe presenceofICTinschools,whileothers dealwithotheraspectsofformaleducation. Thisdiversityclearlypresentschallenges forcomparisonofresults.Despitethis,the surveysdopresentsomeusefuldataon ICTineducation. 137.Asamemberofthe Partnership,UIShas beenworkingonthedevelopmentofa coresetof‘ICTineducation’indicators throughconsultationswithcountriesat regionalworkshops.Thesemeetingshave presentedopportunitiesfordiscussionand endorsementofthecoresetofeducation indicatorsproposedbyUISattheWSISin Tunis2005.Theproposedsetofeducation indicators(seeTable24)isbeingconsidered 81 Chapter 6. ICT in education foradditiontotheagreedcorelistofICT indicators.Itislikelythatadecisionwill bemadeatthe Global Event on Measuring the Information Societyorganizedbythe Partnershipfrom27-29May2008. 138.Inparallelwiththiswork,UIShas undertakenaworld-widescopingstudyto collectevidenceofcountries’preparedness tosupplycomparabledatafortheproposed educationindicators.Furtherconsultations withcountriesandpartnersareanticipated inordertodeterminethescopeofamore substantivesurvey.Theviewsofcountries andpartnerswillbesoughttodetermine themosteffectiveapproachtosucha datacollectionexercise.Thelessons learntfromthepilotsurveyandcountry consultationsarealsointendedtohelpUIS todevisecapacity-buildingprioritiesfor considerationbycountries. Table 24. Core indicators for ICT in education proposed by UIS Basic core indicators ED1Percentageofschoolswithelectricity(byISCED 2 level1to3) ED2Percentageofschoolswitharadiosetusedforeducationalpurposes(byISCEDlevel0to4) ED3Percentageofschoolswithatelevisionsetusedforeducationalpurposes(byISCEDlevel0to4) ED4Studenttocomputerratio(byISCEDlevel0to4) ED5Percentageofschoolswithbasictelecommunicationinfrastructureortelephoneaccess(by ISCEDlevel1to3) ED6PercentageofschoolswithanInternetconnection(byISCEDlevel1to3) ED7PercentageofstudentswhousetheInternetatschool(byISCEDlevel0to4) 3 Extended core indicators ED8PercentageofstudentsenrolledbygenderatthetertiarylevelinanICT-relatedield(ISCED level5to6) ED9PercentageofICT-qualiiedteachersinprimaryandsecondaryschools(ofthetotalnumberof teachers) 3 Source: UIS. 82 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View 139.Inlate2006,UISundertookthescoping studyreferredtoabove.Itsprimarygoal wastoassessdataholdingsbycountries intheareaofICTineducationinorder toevaluatethepotentialforcomparable measurementoftheproposedcoresetof indicatorsshowninTable24. 140.Intotal,209countriesweresenta questionnaireseekingdataonthefollowing topics: •ICTorrelatedresourcesinschools/ institutions(availabilityofelectricity, telephoneline,radio,television,Internet orsatelliteconnectivity,computersand theirdedicateduseasteachingand learningsupporttools); •TimeallocatedtoICTclasses; •TeacherstrainedforICTandthoseon ICTteachingassignments; •Tertiaryinstitutionsstudentsine- learningcoursesorinICT-relatedields ofstudy;and •ExpendituresonICTineducation. 141.Thescopingstudyquestionnairewassent tothesamecountrycontactswhocomplete theannualUISeducationquestionnaire. Inmostcases,thesecontactsarelocated inthestatisticsunitsofministriesof education.Forvariousreasons,UIS experienceddelaysincountryresponse andquestionnairesarestillbeingreceived. AsofFebruary2008,theoverallresponse ratewas46percent(97respondentsoutof 209countries,including14‘nilreturns’). 142.Informationfromthescopingstudyon dataavailabilityforthecorelistofICTin educationindicatorsisshowninTable25 below.ItindicatesthatED1,ED4,ED5 andED6arelikelytobethemostavailable indicators.Itshouldbenotedthat,forover halfthecountriesoftheworld,itisnot knownwhetheranyoftheindicatorsare available.TheavailabilityindicatedinTable 25isthereforehighlylikelytounderstate thetrueavailabilityoftheindicators. 2. Measurement status 83 Chapter 6. ICT in education 143.Theresultsarenotsuficientlyconclusive forUIStofeelstronglyoptimisticor pessimisticregardingthepotentialfora worldwidecollectionofthecoresetof indicatorsonICTineducation.Thekey unknownisthesituationfornon-responding countries.Somereasonsthatcountries couldlackICTineducationdatainclude: •ICTin/foreducationisnotprominent inthecountry’spublicpolicyagenda; •TheapplicationofICTtoeducationis limitedtoasmallnumberofpublicor privateschools/institutions; •UseofICTineducationisrestrictedto vocational,post-secondaryandtertiary educationinstitutions; •AttemptstocollectICTineducation datahaveprovenproblematicbecause ofgapsincountries’capacities;and/or •TheUIScontactinstitutionisnotthe mandatedentityfornationalcollection ofICTineducationstatistics(UIS attemptedtotestthisassumption,but withonlypartialsuccess). 144.Despitethemodestresponserate,the sampleofrespondentcountriesprovides ausefulbasisforre-engineeringtheUIS surveysonICTineducation.Thereplies indicatethatamoretailoredquestionnaire approachmightbefeasible,basedon groupsofcountrieswithhomogeneous capacitiesandsimilarpolicyconcerns. Somecommonalitiescouldberetained forthesakeofensuringinternational comparabilityforaminimumcoresetof indicators. Table 25. Summary of global measurement status by level of development: 4 ICT in education 5 IndicatorDevelopedTransitionDevelopingLeastdevelopedTotalnumber economieseconomieseconomieseconomiesofeconomies witheach Proportionofeconomieswitheachindicator 6 indicator ED141%21%32%14%69 ED210%5%13%6%25 ED38%11%20%6%33 ED424%21%28%4%51 ED539%21%31%6%63 ED631%16%32%2%57 ED722%16%23%2%43 ED833%5%16%8%40 ED910%21%28%2%44 Totaleconomies491912050238 Source: UIS. 84 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View 145.Ananalysisoftrendswouldbepremature onthebasisofthedataonthecoreindicators calculatedfromtheUISscopingstudyasit isairsttimeexercisethatdidnotaimto collecttimeseriesdata.Moreover,many ofthedatapointswererequestedmorefor thepurposeofassessingormakingvalue judgmentsonthepotentialavailabilityof coreindicatordataratherthanasadata collectionexercise per se.However,with thiscaveatinmind,someprovisionaldata arepresentedinthechartsbelow. 146.Dataareshownbylevelofdevelopmentand indicatelowlevelsofbasicinfrastructure forsomedevelopingandleastdeveloped economies.Somedevelopingeconomies arerelativelyadvanced,especiallywith regardtotertiarylevelenrolmentsinICT studies. 3. Statistical summary Chart 12. Percentage of schools with electricity, latest year available Source: UIS. Andorr a Australia Estoni a Germany Ireland Latvia Lithuania Netherland s New Zealand Norwa y Po land Po rtugal Slovenia Spai n Sweden United States Armeni a Georgi a Republic of Moldova Algeri a Anguilla Argentina Arub a Bahrain Cameroon Cayman Islands Chin a Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Cyprus Dominica El Salvado r Fi ji Grenad a Hong Ko ng SAR Chin a Israel Jamaic a Ku wait Lebanon Macao SAR China Malaysia Mauritiu s Mongolia Montserra t Namibia Nicaragua Nigeri a Occupied P alestinian Te rritor y Pa nama Qata r Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Tu nisia Tu rkey Burund i Cambodia Lesotho Malawi Mauritania Niger Zambia Developed Economie s T ransitio n Economies Developing Economies Least Developed Economie s 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 85 Chapter 6. ICT in education Chart 13. Percentage of schools with a radio for educational purposes, latest year available Source: UIS. Andorra New Zealand Slovenia Anguilla Bahrai n Cayman Islands Cyprus El Salvador Grenada Malaysi a Mexico Mongolia Montserra t Nicaragua Urugua y Burundi Lesoth o Zambia Developed Economies Developing Economies Least Developed Economie s 100% 80 % 60 % 40 % 20 % 0% Chart 14. Percentage of schools with a telephone, latest year available Source: UIS. Andorr a Australia Estoni a Fi nland German y Irelan d Latvia Lithuania Netherlands New Zealan d Po land Po rtugal Sloveni a Spai n Sweden United States Armeni a Georgi a Republic of Moldova Algeri a Anguilla Argentin a Aruba Bahrain Cayman Islands Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Cyprus Dominica Dominican Republi c El Salvador Fi ji Grenad a Hong K ong SAR Chin a Israel Jamaic a Ku wai t Lebano n Macao SAR Chin a Malaysia Mauritius Mongoli a Montserrat Namibi a Occupied Pa lestinian Te rrito ry Pa nama Pe ru Qatar Saint Vincent and the Grenadine s Tu nisi a Tu rkey Burundi Lesoth o Zambi a Developed Economies Tr ansition Economies Developing Economies Least Develope d Economie s 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 86 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Chart 15. Percentage of schools with an Internet connection, 7 latest year available Source: UIS. Chart 16. Percentage of students enrolled at the tertiary level in an ICT-related ield, latest year available Source: UIS. Andorr a Estoni a Fi nland Po land Sloveni a Spain United States Armeni a Republic of Moldova Algeri a Anguill a Argentin a Bahrain Cameroon Cayman Islands Chil e Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Cyprus Dominica Dominican Republi c El Salvador Grenad a Lebano n Macao SAR Chin a Mauritius Montserrat Nicaragua Occupied Pa lestinian Te rrito ry Pa nama Pe ru Qata r Saint Vincent and the Grenadine s Tu nisi a Tu rkey Urugua y Zambi a Developed Economie s T ransition Economie s Developing Economies Least Develope d Economie s 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Andorr a Australia Estoni a German y Lithuania Netherlands New Zealan d Po land Po rtugal Sloveni a Spai n Switzerlan d United Kingdom United States Republic of Moldova Argentin a British Virgin Islands Cameroon Chin a Colombi a Cyprus El Salvador Israel Macao SAR Chin a Malaysia Mauritius Mexico Mongoli a Occupied Pa lestinian Te rrito ry Tu nisi a Urugua y Burund i Cambodia Niger United Republic of T anzania Developed Economies Tr ansition Economies Developing Economies Least Develope d Economie s 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 87 Chapter 6. ICT in education 147.UISiscontinuingtoexplorethe availabilityofdatafortheproposedcore indicatorsthroughregionalmeetings.In February2007,anexpertgroupmeeting onindicatorsontheuseofICTin educationande-governmentwasjointly organizedbyUNESCWAandUISin Cairo.Aconsultativeworkshopwasheld inDecember2007inAddisAbaba,in cooperationwithUNECA.Theworkshop’s objectiveswereto: •IncludeAfricancountriesintheprocess ofadoptionoftheUISproposedcore setofindicatorsonICTineducation; •Presentandreviewthescopingsurvey resultsinordertoanalysechallenges facedbycountriesandtoseekviews onthemosteffectivestrategyfor expandingdatacollectionactivitieson ICTineducation;and •Discussthefeasibilityofdeveloping abroaderrangeofICTineducation indicatorsadaptedtonationaland regionalneedsandbasedonthe programmeofworkcarriedoutbythe UNESCOBangkokofice(whichhas developedamanualoncollectingICT ineducationindicators). 148.UISregionaladvisorsfromAsiaaswell askeycountryrepresentativesfromthe MiddleEastandNorthAfricatookpartin theworkshop,whichledtothefollowing conclusions: •TheUIS-proposedcoreindicators onICTineducationwereadopted. Participantsstronglyrecommendedthat UISproducedetaileddeinitionsofthe variablestobecollectedbycountriesin ordertoensureconsistentnationaldata andinternationalcomparability. •Themainchallengefacingnational datacollectioneffortsinthisareaisthat theintroductionofICTineducationin manyregionsisatanearlystage,thus conirmingUISviewsthatitwould beprematuretocollecttheproposed indicatorsforallcountriesinthenext surveyonICTineducation. •Theformationofaninternational workinggroupofcountriescommitted tocollectingdataformeasuring ICTineducationwasendorsedby workshopparticipants.UISwasinvited todeveloptermsofreferencefor theselectionofcandidatecountries. CountrydiscussionsduringtheUIS educationregionalworkshopsof2008 willbeheldtoidentifycandidatesfor theinternationalWorkinggrouponICT StatisticsinEducation(WISE). 149.Wishingtomaintainmomentumgenerated bythescopingstudy,workshopparticipants stronglysupportedtheideathatUISpursue effortsunderthe Partnershiptoencourage capacity-buildingfordatacollectionon ICTineducation.Inparticular,UISwill supportregionalinitiativesbytheUN commissionsaimedatcapacity-buildingin thisarea. 150.Possiblefollow-upactionforthe internationalworkinggroupincludes: 4. Regional activities 88 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View •Developmentofaprototypestatistical instrument,standarddeinitions,a usermanual,andindicatorguidelines inconjunctionwithmembersofthe Partnership.Participantswouldinclude UNESCOBangkok,andleading expertsonICTineducationfromLatin AmericaandtheCaribbean,ArabStates andAfrica;and •Thelaunch,in2009,ofaninitialround ofsurveysinrespectofworkinggroup membercountries. Notes 1 IncludingtheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals(UN,2007),theEducationforAllGoals(UNESCO,2007)andthe WorldSummitfortheInformationSociety(WSIS,Geneva2003andTunis2005). 2 ISCEDistheInternationalStandardClassiicationofEducation.Thelevelsare:ISCED0–Pre-primaryeducation; ISCED1–Primaryeducation;ISCED2–LowerSecondaryEducation;ISCED3–Uppersecondaryeducation; ISCED4–Post-secondarynontertiaryeducation(programmesthatliebetweentheupper-secondaryand tertiarylevelsofeducation);ISCED5–Firststageoftertiaryeducation,andISCED6–Secondstageoftertiary education. 3 ThevaluesofED7andED9areproxies,thatis,thevaluesdisplayedarenotthetruevaluesoftheseindicatorsbut areestimatedfromotherdata. 4 Annex1showstheeconomieswhichareincludedineach‘levelofdevelopment’and‘region’category.The classiicationisbasedontheUNStatisticalDivision’s Standard country or area codes for statistical use,seehttp:// unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm.TheclassiicationwasrevisedinJanuary2008andisnowslightly differentfromtheversionusedtoaggregatedataforthispublication.ThedifferencesaredetailedinAnnex1. 5 Availableorpartiallyavailable.ThetotaleconomycountincludescountriesfromwhichUISdoesnotcollect data. 6 Thesituationisunknownfor141countries(outof238).Thepercentagesshownherearethereforelikelyto understatetheavailabilityofindicators. 7 Thedataitemforallcountrieswaseither:percentageofschoolswithadialupconnectiononlyorpercentageof schoolswithabroadbandconnectiononly. 89 Chapter 7. Measuring the impact of ICT 151.AssessingtheimpactofICToneconomies andsocietiesiscriticaltonationaland internationalICTpolicymaking.Muchof theinterestindevelopinganICTindustry, orpromotinguseofICTbybusinesses andindividuals,hasbeenbasedonthe potentialofICTtoimproveproductivity andeconomicgrowth,andprovidesocial beneits. 152.Thischapteroutlinesrecentworkinthis areaandprovidessomesuggestionsfor statisticalagenciestoconsiderintermsof datacollectionandanalysis.Itconcludes withasectionontheimpactofICTon education,whichisbasedoninformation providedbyUIS. Chapter 7. Measuring the impact of ICT 1. Introduction 90 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View 153.Overviewsoftheavailabletheoretical approachesandempiricalevidencecan befoundinrecentpublicationsincluding ITU’s World Telecommunication/ICT Development Report 2006: Measuring ICT for social and economic development (ITU,2006),theOECDpaper“Measuring theimpactsofICTusingoficialstatistics” (OECD,2007b),UNCTAD’s Information Economy Report 2007-2008(UNCTAD, 2007b)andUNECA’spublication Project on Information Society (IS) indicators by the African Academia Research Network (ARN) – Current situation and prospects, 2007(UNECA,2007b). 154.ThemeasurementofICTimpactsis challengingforanumberofreasons including: •Therangeofeffectsthatcanbe characterizedasimpacts,forinstance, strongorweakinluences,director indirectimpacts,positiveandnegative impacts,shortorlongtermimpacts, intendedandunintendedimpacts, intermediateandinalimpacts; •Therangeofpossiblestatistical approachestoimpactmeasurement, combinedwithalackofbothcomparable measurementmodelsanddata; •Thelargerangeofpotentialimpact measures,relectingthescopeofthe informationsocietyandtheinteractions betweenitselements; •Thegeneralchallengeinmeasuring impactsofanykind(demonstratingthe impactofonefactoronanothercanbe dificultbecauseapositivecorrelation cannotreadilybeattributedtoacause- and-effectrelationship);and •ThenatureofICTitself;asexplained byITU(2006),measuringtheimpactof ICTcanbecomparedwithmeasuring theimpactofelectricity,“Partof thedificultyisthatbothICTsand electricityare“enabling”or“General PurposeTechnologies”…which meanstheiruseandtheirimpactsare ubiquitousyetdificulttomeasure becausetheyaremainlyindirect.It isnotelectricityorICTsassuchthat makethe(bulk)impactoneconomy andsocietybuthowtheyareusedto transformorganization,processesand behaviours.”(OECD,2007b). 155.Itisbeyondthescopeofthischapterto reviewtheseissuesindepth;instead, readersarereferredtothereferences providedabove.However,wewillexamine oneofthemoreprominentareasofICT impactmeasurement,thatis,useofmicro dataanalysistoassesstheimpactofICT onproductivityattheirmlevel.Firm levelstudiesofICTimpactsarebasedon linkingstatisticsfromvarioussources, wherethelinkeddatacanincludestatistics onirmperformance,ICTuse,innovation andorganizationalfactors.TheOECD startedcoordinatingsuchworkamong membercountriesintheearly2000sand Pilat(2004)providesahistoryofthose earlyefforts. 2. Statistical work on measuring the impact of ICT 91 Chapter 7. Measuring the impact of ICT 156.Therearevariousapproachestoanalysing irmleveldata,aswellasavarietyofdata sourcesused.Whilethisdiversityhas somebeneits,italsolimitscross-country comparison.Workiscurrentlyunderway amongstEuropeanUnioncountriesto developacomparablemethodologyfor measuringirmlevelimpacts.Theproject isfundedbyEurostatandledbytheUnited Kingdom’sOficeforNationalStatistics. ItsaimistoassessICTimpactsbylinking irmleveldatafromdifferentsources, eachofwhichiscomparableacrossEU countries.Theprojectisscheduledto concludein2008,withdeliveryofanalysis andrecommendationsforindicators (OECD,2007b). 157.Somegeneralizedindingsfromirm levelstudies(Eurostat,2007b)arethat ICTaffectsproductivityinapositiveway –forexample,throughhardwareand softwareinvestment,throughirmlevel useofmultipleelectronicbusinesslinks, andthroughgreateremployeeengagement withcomputersandtheInternet(especially withhighspeedbroadband). 158.Theextentofthegaindiffersaccording tothetypeofirm–forexampleacross industries(withsomeserviceindustries showingaparticularlystrongeffect), betweenyoungandestablishedirms (withtheformershowinggreatergains fromITinvestment),andbetweenirms withdifferentownershipandgeographic scope.Therearealsorelationshipswith otherirmattributes,forinstance,thereis agreaterpositiveimpactwhereirmshave moreixedinvestment,ahighernumber ofskilledemployeesandagreaterlevelof innovativeactivity(Eurostat,2007b). 159.Amongdevelopingeconomies,theThai NationalStatisticalOficehasconducted ajointresearchprojectwithUNCTADto assessthelinkbetweenICTuseandlabour productivityinThaimanufacturingirms. ThestudywaspartofabroaderUNCTAD initiativetoimproveICTmeasurement andistheirstknownexampleofuseof oficialstatisticstomeasuretheimpactof ICTonlabourproductivityindeveloping economies. 160.ThestudyfoundthattheuseofICT (computers,theInternetandwebpresence) byThaimanufacturersisassociatedwith signiicantlyhighersalesperemployee. Importantly,theuseofeventhemostbasic oftheseICTs–computers–accountsfor largedifferencesinlabourproductivity betweenirms.Furthermore,variations intheintensityofcomputeruseresulted inlargerproductivitydifferentials,for example,a10percentincreaseinthe shareofemployeesusingcomputerswas associatedwitha3.8percentriseinlabour productivity(UNCTAD,2007b). 161.Thestudy’sindingssupportthehypothesis thatbusinessesindevelopingeconomies canbeneitfromtheuseofICT,even simpleICTssuchascomputers.While furtheranalysisisneededtoidentify thecomplementaryfactorsthatleadto productivitygainsfromICT,theimportance ofimpactmeasurementindeveloping economiesisevident. 162.Individualeconomiesthatareinterested inincludingimpactsmeasuresinsurveys shouldconsideritatthesurveydesign stage.Forinstance,microdataanalysis canbeperformedusingdatafromasingle surveysource,providedthatthesource collectstherequisiteICTandperformance data.ThepossibilityoflinkingICTdata withdatafromothersourcessuchas taxationdataordatafromotherbusiness surveysshouldalsobeconsideredat thedesignstage(UNCTAD,2007a).An importantfactorhereisthatthematchrate ofunitsfromthedifferencesourcesshould bemaximizedformeaningfulanalysis. Forexample,ifthematchiswithtaxation data,itisusefuliftaxationrecordsareused asthebasisofthepopulationframeused forthesurvey.Ifthematchiswithdata fromothersurveys,maximumoverlapof 92 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View unitsbetweensurveysandacommonunit identiierarenecessary.Whilethisoften occursforlargerunits,arguably,thereis moreinterestintheICT-productivitylink forsmallandmediumsizedbusinesses. 1 163.OtherareasofICTimpactsmeasurement thatstatisticalagenciescouldexplore aredescribedinOECD(2007b).Inthe economicarea,theyinclude: •CompilationofanICTsatelliteaccount (pertheworkofAustraliaandChile) basedonSystemofNationalAccounts (SNA93)standardsandICTstatistical standards(forexample,thedeinition ofICTgoods);and •Impactperceptionsmeasures;theseare simplequestionsthatcanbeincluded inabusinesssurvey;examplesare includedinmodelquestionnairesofthe OECDandEurostat. 164.Inthesocialarea,countriescouldconsider thefollowing(alsofromOECD,2007b): •Includingquestionsontheperception ofICTimpactsonhouseholdsurvey questionnaires; •Usingtimeusesurveystocollect informationontimespentonICT activitiesbyindividuals; •Useofhouseholdexpendituresurveys tocollectinformationonhouseholdICT budgets;and •Useoflabourforceorotherhousehold surveystocollectstatisticson ‘teleworking’andotherchangesinwork patternsthataredrivenbyICT. 165.Inalltheseareas,statisticalagencies shouldconsiderissuesofharmonization. Whereinternationalstandardsexist(for instance,theSNA,ICTstatisticsstandards, methodologiesandclassiicationsfor timeuseandhouseholdexpenditure surveys),theseshouldbeutilizedinorder tomaximizethepotentialforcomparing resultsacrosseconomies. 93 Chapter 7. Measuring the impact of ICT 166.Althoughpolicymakershopetoachieve positiveoutcomesfromapplyingICTto education,thereisstillnotmuchwidespread evidenceofpositiveimpactsofICTon educationalgoals–andoftensuchevidence isqualiiedbyreferencetoparticular conditions(forinstance,thataccessto ICTatschoolalonemaybeinsuficient toaffectstudentachievement).However, theintroductionofICTintheeducation sectorcanbequitecostly,intermsofboth thecapitalcostsofbasicinfrastructure (hardware,softwareandconnectivity)and therecurrentcostsofmaintenanceand humanresourcesdevelopment.Therefore, anycredibleevidenceofimpacts–positive ornegative–wouldplayanessentialrole indecision-makinginthisarea. 167.AsearchofexistingliteraturebyUIS revealsthatalotmoreneedstobelearned aboutthecost-effectivenessofinvestment inthisareaforachievingeducational goals.Evenfordevelopedeconomies, hardevidenceofpositiveimpactofICTon students’achievementisscant,although someexists.Forinstance,the1999TIMSS- Rstudy 2 showedthatstudentproiciencyin mathematicsislowerwhenteachersusea computerbutthatstudentswithInternet accessathomehadahigheraverage proiciencyinsciencethanthosewithout Internetaccess(thosewithInternetaccess athomeaswellasschoolhadevenhigher averageproiciency). 3 168.TheOECD’sProgrammeforInternational StudentAssessment(PISA)surveyswere conductedin2000,2003and2006.They assesstheperformanceof15-yearold studentsintheprincipalindustrialized economies.The2003surveyassessed proiciencyinmathematics,reading, scienceandcross-curricularproblem solving.However,themainfocuswason mathematics.Analysisofresultsshows that,forallcountriesinthesurvey,the mathematicsperformanceofstudents withoutaccesstocomputersathomewas signiicantlybelowthatofthosewith homeaccess.Importantly,in23outofthe 31countriesinthestudy,aperformance advantageremainedevenafteraccounting fordifferentsocio-economicbackgrounds ofstudents.Thereisalsoaperformance advantageassociatedwithschoolaccessto computersthough,formostcountries,itis lessmarked. 169.Thehighestperformancesinboth mathematicsandreadingtendedtobefrom studentswithamediumlevelofcomputer use,whichsuggeststhatexcessivecomputer usecouldhaveanegativeimpactonschool performance(OECD,2005a).The2003 PISAstudyalsorevealedthatstudents withInternetaccessathomehadahigher proiciencyinreadingthanthosewhodo not(seeChart17below). 3. The impact of ICT in education 94 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Chart 17. Link between Internet access at home and student proiciency Source: UIS, original source PISA 2003 (OECD). Notes 1 NSOsoftenprefertominimizeoverlapbetweenthesampledsectorsofbusinesssurveysinordertoreduce respondentburden.Whereoneofthesurveystobematchedisacensus,thissituationdoesnotapply(thiswillbe thecaseforsomeeconomicsurveyswhichareconductedasperiodiccensuses). 2 ThirdInternationalMathematicsandScienceStudy-Repeat:TIMSS1999,alsoknownasTIMSS-Repeat(TIMSS- R),measuredprogressineighth-grademathematicsandsciencearoundtheworld.TIMSS1999providedcountries thatparticipatedinthe1995testingwithtrenddataatGrade8.Thefour-yearperiodbetweentheirstandsecond datacollectionsawthepopulationofstudentsoriginallyassessedasfourthgradersmoveontoGrade8.This developmentallowedcountriesthatparticipatedin1995atGrade4tocomparetheperformanceoffourth-graders inthatyearwiththeirperformanceaseighth-gradersin1999.Asinthe1995study,TIMSS1999alsoinvestigated, throughbackgroundquestionnaires,thecontextforlearningmathematicsandscienceintheparticipatingcountries. Informationwascollectedabouteducationalsystems,curriculum,instructionalpractices,andcharacteristicsof students,teachers,andschools. 3 Giventhattheseresultspredatemuchofthedevelopmentoftheinformationsociety,arguably,theirimportancelies inprovidinganindicationofthetypeofanalysisthatispossibleratherthanrelevantinformation. T unisi a I ndonesi a Serbia M exico Braz il Thailan d Russi a Urugua y Greece Icelan d Ital y Luxembourg Spai n Denm ar k Portuga l Slovak Repub l Maca o Norway US Latvia Turkey Austri a Cz ech Switzerlan d Hong Kong German y Hungary UK France Japan Sweden Netherlands Poland Irelan d Belg iu m Liechtenstei n Australi a New Zealan d Canada Kore a Finlan d Mean Test Scores (Reading) M ean T est Score (Reading) of students wi th an Internet link at hom e M ean T est Score (Reading) of students w ho do not have an Internet link at hom e Non-OECD Countries OECD Av erage: 51 7 OECD Av erage: 45 6 60 0 550 50 0 45 0 40 0 35 0 95 Chapter 8. Conclusions and future work 170.Thereisastrongpolicyinterestworldwide inICTanditsimpactsonsociety.The importantroleofhighqualityand comparableICTstatisticsininforming policymakingisacknowledgedatthe globallevel,forinstancethroughthe GenevaandTunisphasesofWSIS.Atthe countrylevel,thisrolemaybelessclear anditishopedthatthispublicationwill encouragemoreengagementbyNSOs withtheinternationalorganizationsthat areguidingdevelopmentsinthisield. 1.1 The state of the information society 171.The41coreindicatorspresentedinthe statisticalsummariesofthispublication, togetherpresentaviewoftheglobal informationsociety–andthepicture theypresentisahighlyconsistentone. Developedeconomiesingeneral,along withseveraldevelopingeconomiesinAsia, arewelladvancedasusersandproducers ofICT.Theyhavegoodinfrastructureat reasonablecost,andpenetrationofICTin theirbusinessesandhouseholdsishigh. UseofICTbybusinessesandindividualsin theseeconomiesisgrowingandbecoming moresophisticated(nodoubtdueto increasingaccesstobroadbandInternet). TheyspendalotofmoneyimportingICT goodsandmanyofthemaresigniicant producersofICTgoodsand/orservices. Inthiscontext,theriseofsomeofthe developingeconomiesofAsia(China,in particular)asexportersofICTgoodsis notable. 172.Whiledataforothereconomiesisscarcer,it isclearthattheirlevelsofICTinfrastructure andaccessaregenerallylowerand,ona per capitabasis,moreexpensive.Despite this,thereareencouragingsigns,including stronggrowthinmobilephoneuseand internationalbandwidth per capita,strong growthinICTimports,andrelativelyhigh levelsofuseofcommercialInternetaccess facilitiesinmanycountries. 173.RegardingICTineducation(Chapter6), theoverallpictureisnotasclearasfor otherindicators,thoughthereisadisparity betweendevelopedandmanylessdeveloped economies,especiallyconcerningInternet connectioninschools.Aswiththeother indicators,somedevelopingeconomiesare relativelyadvanced,especiallywithregard totertiarylevelenrolmentsinICTstudies. Chapter 8. Conclusions and future work 1. Conclusions 96 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View 1.2 Data gaps and deiciencies 174.Inadiscussionofthestateofinformation societymeasurement,itisirstnecessary todistinguishthosecoreindicatorsthatare basedonreasonablyavailabledatasources, fromthosethatrequiretheconductof statisticalsurveys.Intheformercategory aretradedata(providingdatafortheICT tradeindicators,ICT3andICT4)andthe infrastructuredatacollectedbytheITU(A1 toA12).Theotherindicatorsareusually collectedusinghouseholdorbusiness surveysandarethereforeexpectedtobe lessavailable,becauseofthesigniicant resourcesandstatisticalinfrastructure requiredtoconductsurveys. 175.Aquickreviewoftheglobalmeasurement statustablesineachchaptershowsthe clearrelationshipbetweendataavailability andtherequirementtoconductsurveys. Mostoftheinfrastructureindicators(Table 2)andboththeICTtradeindicators(Table 21)areavailableforahighproportion ofcountries,irrespectiveoftheirlevel ofdevelopment.Infact,formostofthe infrastructureindicators,availabilityis higherforleastdevelopedeconomiesthan fordevelopedeconomies.Forthetwo tradeindicators,availabilityissimilarfor alllevelsofdevelopment.Tradestatistics havebeencompiledformanyyearsandare readilyavailable. 176.Itisalsolikelythattheinfrastructureand tradeindicatorsareofhigherqualityand moreinternationallycomparablethanthe otherindicators.Thisisbecausetheyare basedonlongestablishedconceptsand deinitionsand,especiallyfortradedata,a standardizedcollectionframework. 177.Thepredominantconcernhereismorefor thosecoreICTindicatorsthataresurvey- basedandthereforepresentcollection challengesforcountries(collecting theseindicatorsimplieseitheradding ICTquestionstoexistingsurveysor developingnewstand-aloneICTsurveys, whichisresourceintensive).Areview oftheglobalmeasurementstatustables forthoseindicatorsshowsthatmostof thehouseholdindicators(HH1toHH13) arereasonablyavailablefordeveloped economiesbut,sofar,havelowavailability forotherlevelsofdevelopment(Table 7).Inparticular,formostoftheleast developedeconomies,noindividualICT useindicatorsareavailableyet.With respecttothebusinessuseindicators(B1 toB12),todate,fewdevelopingeconomies collectanyoftheindicatorsandnoleast developedeconomiescollectthem(Table 15).Thesituationfordevelopedand transitioneconomiesismoreadvanced, withabouttwothirdsofdeveloped economies,andaboutaquartertoathird oftransitioneconomies,collectingmostof thehouseholdandbusinessindicators. 178.ICTsectorindicators(ICT1andICT2)are usuallycollectedviaindustrysurveysthat aredesignedtocollectnationalaccounts dataandarethereforenotICT-speciic. Unfortunately,thedeinitionoftheICT sectorrequiresdatacollectionatthe detailed(4-digit)industrylevelandthis levelofdetailisnotrequiredfornational accountspurposes.Theresultisthatmany countriesarenotabletoprovideICT sectordataandthosethatdo,frequently cannotprovidedataaccordingtothe internationalstandarddeinitionoftheICT sector.DataavailabilityfortheICTsector indicatorsisshowninTable20andreveals similarpatternstotheothersurvey-based indicators.Abouttwothirdsofdeveloped economiesareabletoprovidedataforthe ICTsectorindicators.Thisreducesfor subsequentlevelsofdevelopment,with noneoftheleastdevelopedeconomiesable toprovideeitheroftheindicators. 179.However,progresshasbeenmadeinthe collectionofthesurvey-basedindicators. Theworkofthe Partnershipinproviding standardizedindicatorsandrelated metadatahasencouragedmorecountries tostartcollectionwork.Thesigniicant 97 Chapter 8. Conclusions and future work workofthepartnersinbuildingcapacityis payingdividendsandwillcontinuetodoso inthefuture(seeChapter1foradescription oftheseefforts). 1 Theworkbeingdonein someregionsisalsoveryencouraging, especiallybycountriesofLatinAmerica andtheCaribbean(seeboxes2and3for moreinformation). 180.Clearly,moreworkisrequiredtobetter harmonizethesurvey-basedindicators. Currently,thereareseveralsourcesof incompatibilityfortheseindicators;these canbeviewedatthesurveyandtheitem (question)level.Regardingtheformer, differencesinsurveyscopemayhavea largeimpact,especiallywherethescopeis eithermuchbroaderornarrowerthanthe scopesuggestedforthecoreindicators. VariationsinthescopeoftheICTsector werediscussedinChapter5andare particularproblematic.Thesameissue appliestobusinessuseindicators,where surveyscopemayvaryintermsofbusiness sizeand/orindustry.Forhousehold surveys,scopedifferencesrelatingtoage ofindividualsincludedinthesurveymay besigniicantwhere,forinstance,the scopeofaparticularsurveyincludesmore highlevelusersandfewerlowlevelusers. 181.Differencesindeinitionsorresponse categoriesdirectlyaffectcomparability foranumberofindicators.Thosethatare apparentlymostaffectedaretheICTaccess anduseindicatorsinvolvingactivities (HH10andB12)andtypeofInternetaccess (HH12andB9).Foractivitiesresponse categories,thereareoftendifferencesin whatisincludedineachcategory.Forthe Internetaccessindicators,thereisvariation inhowthecategoriesaredeined.A particularproblemisthatitisstilldificult forcountriestocreatecategoriesthat enabletheaggregationofInternetaccess servicestobroadbandandnarrowband. Itshouldbenotedthatitispossibleto havenarrowerresponsecategoriesthan thoserecommendedaslongastheydonot overlapthecoreindicatorcategories. 2 182.InChapter7,wedescribedthepolicy interestintheimpactofICTandoutlinedthe complexitiesofitsmeasurement.Clearly, moreworkisrequiredondevelopmentof impactsconceptsandmeasurementmodels aswellasondatacollection.Anareaof particularinterestismeasurementofthe impactofICTonbusinessperformance andproductivity.Evidencefromanumber ofstudiesindicatespositiveeffectsfor businessesfromusingICT.Effortsby Europeancountriestodevelopcomparable modelsformeasuringirmlevelimpactsof ICTattheirmlevelwillbefollowedwith interestbythoseinterestedinthisieldof statistics. 183.Onthesocialside,thepictureismuchless clear.Thereislittlestatisticalinformation availableandanecdotalevidenceindicates bothpositiveandnegativeimpactsfor individualsandsocietythroughgreateruse ofindividualICT.Anexampleisaccess tobroadband,whichwouldusuallybe consideredasbeneicialbytheindividuals whouseitforvariouspurposes.However, someofthosepurposes,suchasillegal downloadingofmusicormovies,are negativeinabroadersense.Othernegative effectsaresuggestedbythe2003PISA study(OECD,2005a)whichfoundthatthe highestperformancesinmathematicsand readingwereassociatedwithamedium, ratherthanhigh,levelofcomputeruseby students. 1.3 Recommendations 184.Closeradherencetothecoreindicators deinitionsandmethodologicalrecommen- dationswouldsolvealargenumberof thecomparabilityissuesthataffectthe statistics.Countriesareurgedtocarefully considerthecoreindicatorswhendesigning orre-designingICTsurveys. 185.Itshouldbenotedthatthecoreindicators, andtheirassociatedmetadata,aresubjectto change.Someminorchangeshavealready occurredsincetheywereirstreleasedat 98 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View theendof2005.Thesehavemainlybeen duetochangesintechnologies;seeannexes 3and4fordetails.Otherchangestothe coreindicatorscouldbeconsidered,based onchangingpolicyinterestsandcollection experiences.Anexampleofthelatteristo changethedenominatorusedtocalculate theICTsectorindicators;thiswasdiscussed inChapter5.Animportantconsideration, whencontemplatingchangestothecore indicatorconceptsanddeinitions,ishow besttoretainthetimeseriesvalueof existingdata. 186.Somechangestothecoreindicators willoccurbecauseofotherstatistical developments,notablytheintroductionof ISICRev.4andtheCPCVer.2.Thesewill affectthedeinitionsoftheICTsectorand ICTgoodsrespectively,therebychanging thedeinitionsofICT1toICT4.Arevised deinitionoftheICTsectorbasedonISIC Rev.4alreadyexists(seeOECD,2007afor details)butisunlikelytobeimplemented bycountriesforsometime.Asdiscussed inChapter5,theimplementationofISIC Rev.4presentsanopportunityforcountries tore-designtheirindustrystatistics programsand,intheprocess,changetheir measurementpracticesfortheICTsector. 187.Whilemostdevelopedeconomies incorporateICTstatisticsintheirongoing statisticalprograms,thesamegeneralization isnottrueoflessdevelopedeconomies, manyofwhichrunsurveysonan ad hoc basis.Thisissuboptimalforseveralreasons 3 anditissuggestedthatthoseeconomies attempttoincorporateICTsurveysinto theirmainstreamstatisticalprograms. 188.Itisstronglysuggestedthatcountriesuse theresourcesofthe Partnershipandits partnerstoprogressdevelopmentwork inICTstatistics.Anumberofuseful referenceshavebeendiscussedinthis publicationandinclude: •PartnershiponMeasuringICTfor Development(2005c), Core ICT Indicators,NewYork/Geneva,http:// measuring-ict.unctad.org; •OECD(2007a), Guide to Measuring the Information Society,Paris,www. oecd.org/sti/measuring-infoeconomy/ guide; •UNCTAD(2007a), Manual for the Production of Statistics on the Information Economy,Geneva,http:// measuring-ict.unctad.org/;and •Eurostat(2007a), Methodological Manual for Statistics on the Information Society, Survey year 2007 v2.0,Luxembourg,http://europa. eu.int/estatref/info/sdds/en/isoc/isoc_ metmanual_2007.pdf. 189.TheITUisdevelopingamanualfor measuringhousehold/individualICT accessanduse,whichisexpectedtobe releasedintheirsthalfof2008. 99 Chapter 8. Conclusions and future work 190.Insettinganagendaforthefuture,the Partnershipisguidedbytheobjectivesofits secondphase.Importantamongsttheseare theextensionofthecoreICTindicatorsto includecoreindicatorsforICTineducation (Chapter6)ande-governmentindicators (seebelow).Thecoreindicators,including theproposededucationindicators,will beconsideredatthe2008 Global Event on Measuring the Information Society organizedbythe Partnershipfrom27-29 May2008inGeneva. 191.Activitiessuchascapacity-buildingand provisionoftechnicalresourceswill continueandwillprobablyexpand.In addition,itislikelythatmoreeffort willbedevotedtoraisingawarenessof theimportanceofICTindicatorsfor policymaking. 2.1 Creation of an ICT indicators database 192.Anotherimportantobjectiveofthe PartnershipistohaveanInternet-based platformfordisseminationofcore indicatordata.In2006,aTaskGroupon DataDevelopment(TGDD)wasformedto pursuethisobjective.TheTGDDisledby theWorldBank,whichhadstartedwork onconceptualizingaglobalICTdatabase, withanintendedreleaseaboutmid2008. 193.However,thoseplansarenowbeingrevised inthelightofUNSDdevelopmentworkon adataportalthatwillincludearangeofUN data,includingtheICTindicatorsfortarget 18oftheMillenniumDevelopmentGoals (ixedtelephonelines,mobilecellular subscribersandInternetusers).Discussions aboutincludingothercoreICTindicators intheUNdataportalareplanned.Themain beneitstothe PartnershipofusingtheUN portalarethegreatervisibilityandtechnical infrastructureofferedbysuchaplatform. 2.2 Development of e-government indicators 194.AsdiscussedinChapter1,thecurrent Partnershipcorelistisnotintendedtobe ainallist,asitdoesnotcoverallareas oftheinformationsociety.Membersof the Partnershiphaveagreedtofurther developspeciicareasincludinge- government.UNECAhasagreedto coordinatedevelopmentofe-government indicatorsandleadstheTaskGroupon eGovernment. 195.BasedonvariouskeyfunctionsofICT, thefollowingtopicsareproposedby UNECAasastartingpointfordeiningan exhaustivelistofe-governmentindicators forthe Partnership : •Publicsectormanagement; •Deliveryofpublicservices; •Legalandjudicialreforms; •Policy,legalandregulatory frameworks; •Strengtheningthecapacityof parliaments;and •Empoweringlocalauthorities. 2. Future work 100 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View 196.FutureplansaretoworkwiththeUnited NationsDepartmentofEconomicand SocialAffairs(UNDESA)tofurther developtheindicators,includingtheir scopeanddeinitions.UNECAexpects topresenttheindicatorsattheAfricanas wellasinternationallevelsforreviewby Partnershipmembersandothers. 2.3 Regional plans 2.3.1 Africa 197.InevaluatingPhaseIofScan-ICTinAfrica (seeChapter1),regulatorsandstatisticians foundtheprocessandoutcomesuseful forimplementationonalargerscale.This indingconcordswiththeoutcomesfrom PhaseIofWSIS,whichurgedcountries toregularlyreviewactivitiesrelatedto ICTdeployment,developmentanduse.In PhaseIIoftheScan-ICTinitiative,NSOs, nationalobservatoriesforICTandICT ministriesfromparticipatingcountries havebeenidentiiedaspartneragencies toundertakecountrystudies.Currently, theprogrammeisbeingimplementedin ivecountries:Cameroon,Gambia,Ghana, MauritiusandRwanda.Theultimategoal ofScan-ICTistocreateapan-AfricanICT networkthatwouldcollect,analyseand disseminateICT4D(ICTfordevelopment) indicators. 298.Scan-ICTIIcountriesareexpectedto developadocumentonmethodologywhich willinclude:prioritythemeareas;selected indicators;datacollectionandanalysis; developmentofsurveyinstruments; geographicalcoverage;andpublication anddissemination.Inaddition,theywill developcountryproileswithbaselinedata andconductqualitativeanalysisonICTuse andimpactintheprioritythemeareas.The outcomeswillbepublishedonanational Scan-ICTwebsiteanddatabase.The processhasbeenlaunchedwithnational consultationworkshopsinallparticipating countries,whichhaveidentiiedthecore ICT4Dindicatorsandmethodology. 199.InScan-ICTPhaseII,UNECAdeveloped acomprehensiveframeworkforthe developmentofinformationsociety measurementindicators.Atoolkitwas builtonthemethodologydeveloped aspartoftheScan-ICTPhaseIpilot project.Itincorporatesaframeworkfor thedevelopmentofsuitableindicatorsfor assessingthestatusofthedevelopment, deploymentanduseofICTinAfrican countries. 200.Themethodologyisbasedontheso-called ‘CUT’model 4 andincorporatesspeciic frameworksfor: •DevelopmentofICT-relatedindicators fortheICTsector;services,industry andcommerce,agriculture,education, health,andthepublicsector; •Developingindicatorstargetedat measuringthestatusoftheuseofICT toimplementapplicationareassuchas: e-government,e-commerce,e-business, e-education,e-healthandtelemedicine; •Classifyingindicatorsintermsof ICT4Dpolicyfocusareasincluding infrastructuredevelopment,universal accessandservices,legaland regulatoryinstitutionalframeworksand environment;and •Classifyingindicatorsintermsof featuresoftheinformationand knowledgeeconomyandsociety(e.g. highincomeeconomydominatedby tradinginICTproductsandservices). 201.ECA’sAcademiaResearchNetwork(ARN) hasdevelopedanevolvingandmodular conceptualframeworkforimpactindicators inAfricancountries.Futureworkwillfocus onimplementationofimpactindicators atcountryandinstitutionlevelsinorder toaddressthebasicfactorshinderingor stimulatingtheuseandimpactofICT. 2.3.2 Latin America and the Caribbean 5 202.TheObservatoryfortheInformation SocietyinLatinAmericaandthe 101 Chapter 8. Conclusions and future work Caribbean(OSILAC)iscurrentlycreating aninformationsystem 6 designedtostore datafromalltheLACcountriesthatcollect informationonICT.Itisintendedthat thesystemwillbecomeaninstrumentto assistnationalandregionalpolicymaking, withtheultimategoalbeingthebeneitof societyasawhole. 203.OSILACplanstoexaminetheeconomic andsocialimpactofICTonpeople’slives, andonirms’organizationaldevelopment andproductivity.Individualcountries, throughtheirNSOs,arealsoperforming analysesofICTaccessanduse(examples aretheBrazilian,DominicanRepublicand Uruguayanstatisticalagencies). 7 204.Theimportanceofharmonizingvariables andmethodologiesisrecognized.Issues stillpendingincludetheperiodtobe coveredbyICTquestions,relevantage bracketsforquestionsonindividualICT use,thedenominatorusedtocalculate indicatorsforICTuse(e.g.thewhole populationorthein-scopepopulation) andthecomparabilityofstatisticalunitsin differentlydesignedsurveys(inparticular, businesssurveys). 205.Thereisalsoemphasisontheneedto improvemeasurementofICTaccessand useineducationalinstitutions,health- careorganizations,andnationalandlocal governmentinstitutions.Measurementof useinsportsinstitutions,culturalcentres andpublicInternetaccessestablishments hasbeenproposedinordertodetermine theextenttowhichindividualsareusing theInternetinpubliclyavailablelocations. 206.Countriesoftheregionarebeingurged toincreasemeasurementoftheICT sector,includingtheimpactofthesector’s productiononjobcreation,valueadded, importsandexports.Somecountriesare alreadytakingsuchsteps,withChile, notably,beingoneoftheveryfewcountries intheworldtocompileanICTsatellite account. 207.AthirdphaseofOSILAC(2008to 2010)willextendworkonICTstatistics, including: •Furtheranalysisofdeterminantsfor, andimpactsof,ICTaccessanduse; •Expansionoftheon-lineinformation systemreferredtoabove,inorderto facilitatepublicaccesstoindicatorsand projectoutputs;and •Continuationandexpansionof workoncapacity-buildingthrough methodologicalguidesandtraining. 208.OSILACalsohasamonitoringrolein respectofpoliciesandprojectsconnected totheimplementationoftheRegional ActionPlaneLAC.Itrecentlypresentedits thirdmonitoringexerciseoftheRegional PoliticalActionPlan(OSILAC,2007), 8 in anattempttooutlinetheregion’ssituation anddelineatethechallengesremainingin theareaofICT.Thecurrentmonitoring methodologyisbasedonthelessonslearned inthetwopreviousexercises(Hilbertand Olaya,2005;OSILAC,2005). 9 2.3.3 Western Asia and the Arab region 209.Thestatisticalpublication Regional Proile of the Information Society in Western Asia (UNESCWA,2007c)willhelpUNESCWA membercountriestomonitorprogressin theadoptionanduseofICTandtomake comparisonswithothercountriesinthe region.Thisshouldpromotecooperation andregionalintegrationopportunitiesin anincreasinglyknowledge-basedglobal economy. 210.UNESCWAisplanningastudyonthe impactofICToncommunitydevelopment inUNESCWAmembercountries.The studywillbebasedonmeasurementofthe impactofICToncommunitydevelopment; itsresultsshouldassistmembercountries todevelopprogrammesforimprovingICT accessinruralandremoteareas.Statistics willbecollectedviasurveystargeting 102 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View ICTaccesscentresinvariousUNESCWA membercountries. 211.Aconference, Regional Follow-up on the Outcome of the World Summit on the Information Society,isplannedfor October/November2008.Themainaimof theconferenceistoassessprogressmade intheimplementationoftheWSISGeneva PlanofActionandTunisAgenda,the UNESCWAregionalplanofaction(RPoA) forbuildingtheinformationsocietyandthe ArabStrategyonICT.Targetswillbesetfor narrowingthedigitaldivideintheregion andrevisingtheRPoAaccordingly,for example,byaddingnewprogrammesand/ orprojectsandstrengtheningpartnership mechanisms. 212.UNESCWAisworkingtowards developmentofawebportalonmeasuring theinformationsocietyintheUNESCWA region.Theportalisexpectedtobe operativebymid2008,providingacrucial tooltoassistUNESCWAmembercountries todeineandcollectICTindicators,build statisticalcapacity,follow-uponprogressin theimplementationoftheRPoAandshare experiences.Theportalwillbeabilingual (EnglishandArabic)anddynamictoolfor measuringprogresstowardsbuildingthe informationsocietyinWesternAsiaand theArabRegion.Itwillprovideaccessto RPoAstatusandpartnerships,information societyindicators,publications,country/ regionalproilesandcommunications/ networkingtools. Notes 1 The Partnershipactivelyseekscontributionsfromdonorstosupportcapacity-buildingindevelopingcountries. Donorsinterestedincontactingthe Partnershipareinvitedtosendane-mailtoemeasurement@unctad.org. 2 Narrowercategoriescanbeaggregatedbycountingthenumberofrespondents(businesses,householdsor individuals)whichundertakeanyoftheactionsofinterest,forinstance,fortheindicator‘businessesusingthe Internetforprovidingcustomerservices’componentcategoriescouldbeusingtheInternetfor‘facilitatingaccessto on-linecatalogues’,for‘providingaftersalessupport’andfor‘enablingordertracking’.Theindicator‘businesses usingtheInternetforprovidingcustomerservices’wouldbeconstructedbytakingallrespondentswhodidany ofthose‘componentactivities’.Thisavoidsthedoublecountingwhichwouldoccurif,forinstance,thenumber undertakingeachactivityweresimplyaddedtogether. 3 ThesearediscussedinUNCTAD’s Manual(UNCTAD,2007a). 4 TheCUTmodelclassiiesICT4Dindicatorsintothreecategories:Capacityindicators:targetedatmeasuringthe levelandtheextentofdevelopmentanddeploymentofICTinfrastructureandrelatedresources;Usageindicators: aimedatassessingandmeasuringtheextentofuseoftheICTinfrastructureandrelatedresourcesbyhouseholds, businessesandgovernmententities;andTransformationorimpactindicators:indicatorstargetedatmeasuringthe socialandeconomicimpactofICTinfrastructureandusewithintheeconomyandsociety. 5 MostofthecontentofthissectionhasbeentakenfromOlaya(2007)andfromaninternalUNECLACdocument dealingwithaproposedOSILACphaseIII. 6 Seehttp://www.eclac.cl/tic/lash/default.asp?idioma=IN. 7 Seehttp://www.eclac.cl/id.asp?ID=30206. 8 Seehttp://www.eclac.cl/id.asp?ID=29951. 9 Seehttp://www.eclac.cl/SocInfo/OSILAC. 103 Bibliography 103 Bibliography ABS(AustralianBureauofStatistics)(2007), Business Use of Information Technology,2005-06,cat. no.8129.0,www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/8129.0. 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Abbreviations ADSLAsymmetricdigitalsubscriberline CPCCentralProductClassiication(UN) DSLDigitalsubscriberline EDIElectronicdatainterchange EUEuropeanUnion GDPGrossdomesticproduct 106 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View GSMGlobalsystemformobilecommunications HSHarmonizedSystem(WCO) ICTInformationandcommunicationtechnology IDRCInternationalDevelopmentResearchCentre(Canada) IPInternetprotocol ISDNIntegratedservicesdigitalnetwork ISICInternationalStandardIndustrialClassiicationofAllEconomicActivities(UN) ISPInternetserviceprovider ITUInternationalTelecommunicationUnion Kbit/sKilobitspersecond LANLocalareanetwork Mbit/sMegabitspersecond NACENomenclatureGeneraledesActivitiesEconomiquesdansL`UnionEuropeenne NAICSNorthAmericanIndustryClassiicationSystem NSONationalstatisticalofice OECDOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment SDSLSymmetricdigitalsubscriberline SMESmallandmediumenterprise SNASystemofNationalAccounts UISUNESCOInstituteforStatistics UNCTADUnitedNationsConferenceonTradeandDevelopment UNECAUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforAfrica UNECLACUnitedNationsRegionalCommissionforLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean UNESCAPUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforAsiaandthePaciic UNESCOUnitedNationsEducational,ScientiicandCulturalOrganization UNESCWAUnitedNationsEconomicandSocialCommissionforWesternAsia UNIDOUnitedNationsIndustrialDevelopmentOrganization UNSCUnitedNationsStatisticalCommission UNSDUnitedNationsStatisticsDivision URLUniformresourcelocator VDSLVeryhighspeeddigitalsubscriberline WCOWorldCustomsOrganization WPIISWorkingPartyonIndicatorsfortheInformationSociety(OECD) WSISWorldSummit/sontheInformationSociety WWW(the)WorldWideWeb 107 Bibliography 107 Bibliography Annexes 109 Annex 1 Availability of core ICT indicators Notes on the Annex 1.ThisannexshowstheavailabilityofthecoreICTindicatorsforindividualeconomies.Notall ofthedatawhichareavailableareincludedinthepublication(thoughmostare).Somedata wereomittedforstatisticalreasons(forinstance,deinitionsofcategoriesorindicatorsdiffered considerablyfromthecoreICTindicatorstandards). 2.Availabilityisdeinedasknownavailabilityatthetimeofcompilation.Itispossiblethatsome indicatorsareavailableformoreeconomiesthanshowninthisannex. 3.Dataarearrangedby‘levelofdevelopment’and‘region’accordingtothe2007versionoftheUN StatisticalDivision’sStandardcountryorareacodesforstatisticaluse,seehttp://unstats.un.org/ unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm.TheclassiicationwasrevisedinJanuary2008andisnowslightly differentfromtheversionusedinthispublication.Themaindifferencesare:Croatiahasmoved fromDevelopedtoTransitioneconomies,andBulgariaandRomaniahavemovedfromTransition toDevelopedeconomies. 4.Taiwan,ChinahasbeenaddedtotheUNSDlistbecausesomeorganizationscollectrelevant informationforthiseconomy(thenameoftheeconomyfollowsITUpractice). 5.NotationusedintheAnnexisasfollows: AAvailableandyearoflatestdata(forexample,A05meansthattheindicatorisavailable inrespectof2005).PAisusedfortheICTsectorcoreindicators,ICT1andICT2,and indicatesavailabilityforthemanufacturingsectoronly. NAApparentlynotavailableinrespectoftheyear2002orlater. NCDatanotcollectedfromthiseconomybytherelevantagency. Annex 1 Availability of core ICT indicators 110 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Developed economies Asia JapanA06A06A05NAA06A05A05A06A06A06A06NANANA Europe ÅlandIslandsNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNC AndorraA05A05NANAA05A05A06NANAA06NANANANA AustriaA06A06A05A06A06A05A05A06A06A06A06NANANA BelgiumA06A06A05A06A05A04A05A06A06A06A06NANAA05 ChannelIslandsNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNC CroatiaA06A06A05A06A06A05A05A06A06A06A06NANANA CzechRepublicA05A06A05A04A06A05A05A06A06A06A06NANANA DenmarkA06A06A05A06A06A05NAA06A06A06A06NANANA EstoniaA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA FaeroeIslandsA05A05NAA04A05A05A06NANAA06NANAA04A04 FinlandA06A06A05A04A06A05A05A06A06A06A06NANANA FranceA06A06A05A06A06A05A05A06A06A06A06NANAA05 GermanyA06A06A05NAA06A05A05A06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA GibraltarA04A04NANANAA05A04NANANANANANANA GreeceA06A06A05A06A06A05A04A06A06A06A06NANANA GuernseyNAA04NANANAA05NANANANANANANANA HolySeeNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNC HungaryA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NANAA05 IcelandA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NANAA05 IrelandA06A06A05A06A06A05A05A06A06A06A06NANANA IsleofManNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNC ItalyA05A05A05A04A06A05A06A06A06A06A06NANANA JerseyA06A04NANANAA05NANANANANANANANA LatviaA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NANANA LiechtensteinA05A05NAA04A05A05NANANANANANANAA05 LithuaniaA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NANAA04 LuxembourgA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NANAA05 MaltaA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NANAA04 MonacoA05A05A05NAA05A05NANANANANANAA02/3A05 NetherlandsA05A05A05A04A06A05A05A06A06A06A06NANANA NorwayA06A06A05A06A06A05NAA06A06A06A06NANANA Availability of the core indicators on ICT infrastructure and access Levelofdevelopment, regionandeconomy A1.Fixedtelephone linesper100 inhabitants A2.Mobilecellular subscribersper100 inhabitants A3.Computersper 100inhabitants A4.Internet subscribersper 100inhabitants A5.BroadbandInternet subscribersper100 inhabitants A6.International Internetbandwidth perinhabitant A7.Percentageof populationcoveredby mobilecellulartelephony A8a.Internetaccess tariffs(20hoursper month),inUS$ A8b.Internetaccess tariffs(20hoursper month),asapercentage of per capitaincome A9a.Mobilecellular tariffs(100minutesof usepermonth),inUS$ A9b.Mobilecellulartariffs (100minutesofuseper month),asapercentageof per capitaincome A10.Percentageoflocalities withpublicInternetaccess centres(PIACs)bynumber ofinhabitants(rural/urban) A11.Radiosetsper 100inhabitants A12.Televisionsets per100inhabitants 111 Annex 1 Availability of core ICT indicators PolandA06A06A05A06A06A05A05A06A06A06A06NANANA PortugalA06A06A05A06A06A05A05A06A06A06A06NANANA SanMarinoA05A05A05A04A05A05NANANANANANANAA05 SlovakiaA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NANAA05 SloveniaA06A06A05A06A06A05A05A06A06A06A06NANANA SpainA06A06A05A06A06A05A05A06A06A06A06A06NAA04 SvalbardandJan MayenIslandsNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNC SwedenA06A06A05A06A06A05A05A06A06A06A06NANANA SwitzerlandA06A06A05A06A06A05A05A06A06A06A06NANAA05 UnitedKingdomofGreat BritainandNorthernIrelandA06A06A05A06A06A04A05A06A06A06A06NANANA Northern America BermudaA05A05NAA05A05A05A04NANAA06NAA04NANA CanadaA05A05A05A04A06A05A05A06A06A06A06NANAA04 GreenlandNANANANANAA05NANANAA06NANANANA SaintPierreandMiquelonNANANANANAA05NANANANANANAA02/3NA UnitedStatesofAmericaA06A06NANAA06A04A05A06A06A06A06NANANA Oceania AustraliaA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NAA05A05 NewZealandA05A05A05NAA06A05A05A06A06A06A06NANAA05 Transition economies Asia ArmeniaA05A05A05A04A05A04A06A06A06A06A06NANANA AzerbaijanA06A06A05A04A05A05A05A06A06A06A06NANAA05 GeorgiaA06A06A05A06A06A05A06A06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA KazakhstanA06A06NAA06A06A06NAA06A06A06A06A06NANA KyrgyzstanA05A05A05A05A05A05A05A06A06A06A06NANAA05 TajikistanA05A05A05NAA05A05A06A06A06A06A06NANANA TurkmenistanA05A05A05NANAA05A06A06A06A06A06NANANA UzbekistanA05A05A06NAA05A06NAA06A06A06A06NANAA05 Europe AlbaniaA05A05A05NAA05A05A06A06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA BelarusA06A06A05A06A06A06A06A06A06A06A06NAA04NA BosniaandHerzegovinaA06A06A05A06A06A05A05A06A06A06A06NANAA05 BulgariaA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06A06NANA MontenegroA06A06NAA06A06A06A05NANANANANANANA RepublicofMoldovaA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NAA04A04 RomaniaA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA RussianFederationA05A05A05NAA06A05NAA06A06A06A06NANANA SerbiaA06A06A06A06A06A06A06NANANANANANAA06 TheformerYugoslav RepublicofMacedoniaA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NANANA UkraineA06A06A06NANAA05A05A06A06A06A06NANANA Level of development, region and economy A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8a A8b A9a A9b A10 A11 A12 112 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Developing economies Africa AlgeriaA06A06A05NAA05A05A05A06A06A06A06NAA02/3A05 BotswanaA06A06A05NAA05A06A06A06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA CameroonA05A05A05NAA05A05A05A06A06A06A06NAA02/3A05 CongoA05A05A05A04NAA05A05A06A06A06A06NANAA05 Coted’IvoireA06A06A05A05NAA05A06A06A06A06A06NAA02/3A05 EgyptA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06A06NAA05 GabonA06A06A05A06A06A06A06A06A06A06A06A06A05A05 GhanaA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NANANA KenyaA06A06A05A06NAA06NAA06A06A06A06NANANA LibyanArabJamahiriyaA06A06A05A06NAA06A06A06A06A06A06NANAA04 MauritiusA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NANANA MayotteNAA04NANANAA05NANANANANANANANA MoroccoA06A06A05A04A05A06A05A06A06A06A06NANAA04 NamibiaA06A05A05A04NAA05A05A06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA NigeriaA06A06A05NAA05A05A05A06A06A06A06NAA05NA RéunionNAA04A04NANAA05NANANANANANAA02/3NA SaintHelenaA05NAA05A04A05A05NANANANANANAA05A05 SeychellesA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06A06A02/3NA SouthAfricaA05A05A05NAA05A05A05A06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA SwazilandA06A06A05NANAA05NAA06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA TunisiaA06A06A06A06A06A06A06A06A06A06A06A06NAA05 WesternSaharaNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNC ZimbabweA06A06A06A06A06A06NAA06A06A06A06NAA05A06 Asia BahrainA06A06A05A06A06A05A06A06A06A06A06NANAA04 BruneiDarussalamA06A06A05A06A06A06NAA06NAA06NANANANA ChinaA06A06A05A06A06A06NAA06A06A06A06NANANA CyprusA06A06A05A06A06A05A05A06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA DemocraticPeople’s RepublicofKoreaNANANANANAA05NANANANANANANANA HongKongSpecial AdministrativeRegion ofChinaA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06A06NAA05 IndiaA05A06A05A06A06A06A06A06A06A06A06NANANA IndonesiaA06A06A05NAA05A05A05A06A06A06A06NANANA Iran,IslamicRepublicofA06A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA IraqA04A04NANANAA05A06NANAA06NANANANA IsraelA06A06A05A04A06A05A06A06A06A06A06NANANA JordanA06A06A05A06A06A05A05A06A06A06A06NANAA04 KuwaitA05A05A05A04A05A05A06A06A06A06A06NANAA04 LebanonA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NANAA05 MacaoSpecialAdministrative RegionofChinaA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NAA05A04 Level of development, region and economy A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8a A8b A9a A9b A10 A11 A12 113 Annex 1 Availability of core ICT indicators MalaysiaA06A06A05A06A06A05NAA06A06A06A06NANANA MongoliaA05A05A05NAA05A05NAA06A06A06A06A04A02/3A05 OccupiedPalestinianTerritoryA05A05A05A04A05A05A05A06A06A06A06NAA02/3A04 OmanA06A06A05A06A06A06A06A06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA PakistanA06A06A05NAA05A05A06A06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA PhilippinesA06A06A05A04A05A05A05A06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA QatarA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06NAA06NANANAA04 RepublicofKoreaA06A06A05A06A06A06NAA06A06A06A06NANAA05 SaudiArabiaA06A06A05A06A06A06A06A06A06A06A06NANAA04 SingaporeA06A06A05A06A06A05A05A06A06A06A06A06NAA05 SriLankaA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NANANA SyrianArabRepublicA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NANANA Taiwan,ChinaA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06NAA06NAA06A05A05 ThailandA06A06A05NAA05A06A06A06A06A06A06NANANA TurkeyA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA UnitedArabEmiratesA06A06A05A06A06A06A06A06A06A06A06NANAA04 VietNamA05A06A05A06A06A06NAA06A06A06A06NANANA Latin America and the Caribbean AnguillaA05A05A05NAA05A05NANANANANANANANA AntiguaandBarbudaA05A05A05NAA05A05A06A06A06A06A06NANANA ArgentinaA06A06A05A06A06A06NAA06A06A06A06NANAA05 ArubaA05A05A05NAA05A05A05NANAA06NANANANA BahamasA05A05A05A04NAA05A05A06A06A06A06A04NANA BarbadosA05A05A05NAA05A05A05A06NAA06NANAA04A04 BelizeA06A06A05A06A06A06NAA06A06A06A06NANANA BoliviaA06A06A05A04A05A05NAA06A06A06A06NANAA05 BrazilA05A05A05NAA05A05A05A06A06A06A06NANANA BritishVirginIslandsA06NANANANAA05NANANANANANANANA CaymanIslandsA06A04NANANAA05A05NANANANANANANA ChileA06A06A05A06A06A05A05A06A06A06A06NAA02/3A05 ColombiaA06A06A05A06A06A06NAA06A06A06A06A04A05A05 CostaRicaA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06A06A05A05 CubaA06A06A05A06NAA06A05A06A06A06NANANAA05 DominicaA04A04A04A04NAA04NAA06A06A06A06NANANA DominicanRepublicA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NAA05A05 EcuadorA06A06A05A04A05A06A05A06A06A06A06A04A04A05 ElSalvadorA06A06A05A04A05A06A05A06A06A06A06NANAA05 FalklandIslands(Malvinas)A05A05A05NANAA05A05NANANANAA06NANA FrenchGuianaA06A04A04NANAA05NANANANANANANANA GrenadaA05A05A04NANAA04NAA06A06A06A06NANANA GuadeloupeA06A04A04NANAA05A05NANANANANANANA GuatemalaA06A06A05NAA05A05NAA06A06A06A06NANAA05 GuyanaA05A05A05A04A05A05A05A06A06A06A06NANANA HondurasA06A06A05A06NAA05NAA06A06A06A06NANAA05 JamaicaA05A05A05NAA05A05A05A06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA MartiniqueA06A04A04NANAA05A05NANANANANANANA Level of development, region and economy A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8a A8b A9a A9b A10 A11 A12 114 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View MexicoA06A06A05A06A06A05A05A06A06A06A06A04NAA04 MontserratA06A04NANANAA05NANANANANANANANA NetherlandsAntillesA06A04NANANAA05NANANAA06NANANANA NicaraguaA06A06A05A06A06A05NAA06A06A06A06NANAA05 PanamaA06A05A05A04A05A05A05A06A06A06A06NANAA05 ParaguayA06A06A05A06A06A06A06A06A06A06A06A06NAA05 PeruA06A06A05A06A06A05NAA06A06A06A06A06NANA PuertoRicoA05A05A05NAA05A05A05NANANANANANANA SaintKittsandNevisA04A04A04NANAA05NAA06A06A06A06NANANA SaintLuciaA06A05A04NANAA05A05A06A06A06A06NANANA SaintMartin(Frenchpart)NCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNC SaintVincentandthe GrenadinesA06A06A05A04A05A06A04A06A06A06A06NAA05NA Saint-BarthélemyNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNC SurinameA06A06A05A06A06A06NAA06A06A06A06NANANA TrinidadandTobagoA06A06A05A06A06A05NAA06A06A06A06NANANA TurksandCaicosIslandsA04A04NAA04NAA05NANANANANANANANA UnitedStatesVirginIslandsA06A05A05NAA05A05NANANANANANANANA UruguayA06A06A05A06A06A05A04A06A06A06A06NANANA Venezuela(Bolivarian Republicof)A06A06A05A06A06A05NAA06A06A06A06NANAA05 Oceania AmericanSamoaA04A04NANANAA05NANANANANANANAA04 CookIslandsA05A05NAA05A05A05NANANANANANAA02/3A05 FijiA05A05A05NAA05A05A05A06A06A06A06NAA04A05 FrenchPolynesiaA06A06A05A04A05A06A05NANAA06A06A06NAA05 GuamNAA04NANANAA05NANANAA06NANANANA MarshallIslandsNAA04A04NANAA05NANANAA06A06NANANA Micronesia,Federated StatesofA06A05A05A04A04A05NANANAA06A06NAA02/3A05 NauruNANANANANAA05NANANANANANANANA NewCaledoniaA06A05A05A04A05A05NANANAA06A06NAA02/3A05 NiueA06A04NANANAA05NANANANANANANAA04 NorfolkIslandNANANANANAA05NANANANANANANANA NorthernMarianaIslandsNAA04NANANAA05NANANANANANANANA PalauNANANANANAA05NANANANANANANANA PapuaNewGuineaA06A06A05NANAA05NAA06A06A06A06NAA02/3A04 PitcairnNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNC TokelauA04NAA04NANAA05NANANANANANANANA TongaA06A06A05NAA05A05A04A06A06A06A06NAA02/3A05 WallisandFutunaIslandsA04NANANAA04A05NANANANANANANANA Least developed economies Africa AngolaA06A06A05NAA04A06NAA06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA BeninA06A06A05A06A06A06NAA06A06A06A06NAA05A05 Level of development, region and economy A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8a A8b A9a A9b A10 A11 A12 115 Annex 1 Availability of core ICT indicators BurkinaFasoA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NAA04A05 BurundiA05A05A05NAA04A05NAA06A06A06A06NAA02/3A05 CapeVerdeA06A06A05A06A06A06NAA06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA CentralAfricanRepublicA05A05A05A04NAA05NAA06A06A06A06NAA02/3A05 ChadA06A06A05A04NAA06NAA06A06A06A06NAA02/3A05 ComorosA05A05A05NAA05A05NAA06A06A06A06NAA02/3A05 DemocraticRepublicof theCongoA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06A06A02/3A05 DjiboutiA05A05A05A04A05A05NAA06A06A06A06NAA02/3A05 EquatorialGuineaA05A05A05NAA05A05A05A06A06NANANANANA EritreaA06A06A05A06A04A06NAA06A06NANANAA05A05 EthiopiaA06A06A05A06A05A05NAA06A06A06A06NANANA GambiaA06A06A05NAA05A05NAA06A06NANANANANA GuineaA05A05A05NAA04A05NAA06A06A06A06NAA02/3A04 GuineaBissauA05A05A05NAA04A06NAA06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA LesothoA05A05A05NAA05A05A05A06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA LiberiaNAA05NANANAA05NANANANANANANANA MadagascarA06A06A05A06A04A06NAA06A06A06A06NAA02/3A05 MalawiA05A05A05A04A05A05NAA06A06A06A06NAA02/3A05 MaliA06A06A05A06A06A06NAA06A06A06A06A06A02/3A04 MauritaniaA06A06A05A06A06A06NAA06A06NANAA06A02/3A04 MozambiqueA06A06A05NAA04A05NAA06A06A06A06NANANA NigerA05A05A05A04A05A05A05A06A06A06A06NAA02/3A05 RwandaA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NAA02/3A04 SaoTomeandPrincipeA06A06A05A06A06A06NAA06A06A06A06A06A02/3NA SenegalA06A06A05A06A06A06A04A06A06A06A06NAA04A04 SierraLeoneNANANANANAA05NAA06A06A06A06NANANA SomaliaA05A05A05A04A04A05NANANAA06NANANANA SudanA06A06A05A06A06A06NAA06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA TogoA06A06A05NAA04A06A05A06A06A06A06NAA02/3A06 UgandaA06A06A05A04A06A06A06A06A06A06A06NAA02/3A06 UnitedRepublicofTanzaniaA06A06A05NAA04A05NAA06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA ZambiaA06A06A05A06A06A06A05A06A06A06A06NAA02/3NA Asia AfghanistanA06A06A05A06A06A06NANANAA06A06NAA05A06 BangladeshA06A06A05A06A04A06A06A06A06A06A06A04NAA06 BhutanA05A05A05A04A04A05A06A06A06A06A06A04A04A04 CambodiaA06A06A05A06A05A05NAA06A06A06A06NANANA LaoPeople’sDemocratic RepublicA05A05A05A04A05A05A05A06A06A06A06NANANA MaldivesA06A06A04A06A06A04A06A06A06A06A06NANANA MyanmarA05A06A05A06A06A06NAA06NANANANAA04A04 NepalA06A06A05A06A04A06A06A06A06A06A06A04NANA Timor-LesteA06A06NAA06A06A06A06NANANANAA06NANA YemenA05A05A05A04NAA05A05A06A06A06A06NANANA Level of development, region and economy A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8a A8b A9a A9b A10 A11 A12 116 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Latin America and the Caribbean HaitiA05A05A05A04A04A05NAA06A06A06A06NANANA Oceania KiribatiNAA04A04NANAA05NANANAA06A06NAA02/3NA SamoaA05A05A05NAA05A05NAA06A06A06A06NAA02/3A05 SolomonIslandsA05A05A05NAA05A05NAA06A06A06A06NAA02/3A05 TuvaluA05A05A05NAA04A05NANANANANANANANA VanuatuA05A05A05A04A05A05A05A06A06A06A06NANAA05 Source: ITU Level of development, region and economy A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8a A8b A9a A9b A10 A11 A12 117 Annex 1 Availability of core ICT indicators Developed economies Asia JapanNAA04A05A05A05A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA Europe ÅlandIslandsNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNC AndorraNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA AustriaNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA BelgiumNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA ChannelIslandsNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNC CroatiaA04A04A04NAA04NANANANANANANANAA04 CzechRepublicNANAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA DenmarkNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA EstoniaA04A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA FaeroeIslandsNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA FinlandNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA FranceNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA GermanyNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA GibraltarNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA GreeceNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA GuernseyNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA HolySeeNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNC HungaryA05A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 IcelandNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA IrelandNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA IsleofManNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNC ItalyNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA JerseyNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA LatviaNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA LiechtensteinNANANANAA02/3NANANANANANANANANA LithuaniaNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A04 LuxembourgNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA MaltaNANANAA02/3A02/3A02/3A02/3NANANANANANANA MonacoNAA02/3A02/3A02/3A02/3NAA02/3NANANANANANAA02/3 NetherlandsNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA NorwayNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA Availability of the core indicators on access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals Levelofdevelopment, regionandeconomy HH1.Proportionof householdswitharadio HH2.Proportionof householdswithaTV HH3.Proportionof householdswithafixed linetelephone HH4.Proportionof householdswithamobile cellulartelephone HH5.Proportionof householdswitha computer HH6.Proportionof individualswhouseda computer(fromanylocation) inthelast12months HH7.Proportionof householdswithInternet accessathome HH8.Proportionof individualswhousedthe Internet(fromanylocation) inthelast12months HH9.Locationof individualuseofthe Internetinthelast12 months HH10.Internetactivities undertakenbyindividuals inthelast12months HH11.Proportionof individualswithuseofa mobiletelephone HH12.Proportionof householdswithaccess totheInternet,bytypeof access HH13.Frequencyof individualaccesstothe Internetinthelast12 months(fromanylocation) HR1.Proportionof householdswithelectricity 118 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View PolandNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA PortugalNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA SanMarinoNANANANAA04NANANANANANANANANA SlovakiaA05A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA SloveniaNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA SpainA05A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA SvalbardandJan MayenIslandsNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNC SwedenNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA SwitzerlandNANANANAA06/7NAA06/7A06/7NANANANANANA UnitedKingdomofGreat BritainandNorthern IrelandNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA Northern America BermudaA04A04A04A04A04A02/3A04A02/3NAA02/3A02/3NAA02/3A04 CanadaA05A05A05A05A05NAA05A05A05A05NAA05A05NA GreenlandNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA SaintPierreandMiquelonNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA UnitedStatesofAmericaNANANANAA02/3A05A02/3A05A02/3A02/3NANANAA02/3 Oceania AustraliaNANANAA02/3A06/7A02/3A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NAA06/7A06/7NA NewZealandNAA04A04A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A04 Transition economies Asia ArmeniaA05A04A05A04A04NAA04NANANANANANANA AzerbaijanA05A02/3NAA02/3A05A06/7A02/3A06/7A06/7A06/7NAA06/7A06/7A06/7 GeorgiaA04A04A04NAA04NANANANANANANANAA04 KazakhstanNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA KyrgyzstanNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA TajikistanNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA TurkmenistanNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA UzbekistanNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA Europe AlbaniaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA BelarusNAA06/7A06/7NAA06/7NAA06/7NANANANANANAA06/7 BosniaandHerzegovinaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA BulgariaNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA MontenegroNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA RepublicofMoldovaNAA04A04NAA04NANANANANANANANANA RomaniaNAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA RussianFederationNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA SerbiaNANANANAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA TheformerYugoslavRepublic ofMacedoniaA04A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NA Level of development, region and economy HH1 HH2 HH3 HH4 HH5 HH6 HH7 HH8 HH9 HH10 HH11 HH12 HH13 HR1 119 Annex 1 Availability of core ICT indicators UkraineNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA Developing economies Africa AlgeriaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA BotswanaA04NAA04NAA04NAA04A04NANAA04NANANA CameroonA04A04A04A04NANAA04NANANANANANANA CongoA05A05A05NANANANANANANANANANANA Coted’IvoireNANANAA02/3NANANANANANANANANANA EgyptA05A05A05NAA05NANANANANANANANANA GabonNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA GhanaA02/3A02/3A02/3A02/3NANANANANANANANANANA KenyaA02/3A02/3A02/3NANANANANANANANANANANA LibyanArabJamahiriyaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA 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ColombiaA05A05A05NANANAA04NANANANANANANA CostaRicaA05A05A05A05A05NAA05A05A05A05A05A05NAA05 CubaA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NAA06/7A06/7 DominicaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA DominicanRepublicA05A05A05A05A05A05A05A05A05A05A05NAA05A05 EcuadorA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NAA05A06/7NANAA06/7NANAA06/7 ElSalvadorA04A04A05A05A05NAA05NANANANANANAA02/3 FalklandIslands(Malvinas)NANANANAA02/3NANANANANANANANANA FrenchGuianaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA GrenadaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA GuadeloupeNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA GuatemalaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA GuyanaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA HondurasA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NANAA06/7 JamaicaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA Level of development, region and economy HH1 HH2 HH3 HH4 HH5 HH6 HH7 HH8 HH9 HH10 HH11 HH12 HH13 HR1 121 Annex 1 Availability of core ICT indicators MartiniqueNANANANAA02/3NAA02/3NANANANANANANA MexicoA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A05NAA06/7NA 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CookIslandsNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA FijiNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA FrenchPolynesiaNANANANAA04NANANANANANANANANA GuamNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA MarshallIslandsNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA Micronesia,Federated StatesofNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA NauruNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA NewCaledoniaNANAA02/3A02/3NANAA02/3NANANANANANANA NiueNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA NorfolkIslandNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA NorthernMarianaIslandsA02/3NAA02/3NAA02/3NAA02/3NANANANANANANA PalauNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA PapuaNewGuineaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA PitcairnNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNC TokelauNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA TongaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA WallisandFutunaIslandsNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA Least developed economies Africa AngolaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA Level of development, region and economy HH1 HH2 HH3 HH4 HH5 HH6 HH7 HH8 HH9 HH10 HH11 HH12 HH13 HR1 122 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View BeninNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA BurkinaFasoA02/3A02/3A02/3NAA02/3NANANANANANANANANA BurundiNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA CapeVerdeNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA CentralAfricanRepublicNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA ChadA04A04A04NANANANANANANANANANANA ComorosNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA DemocraticRepublicof theCongoNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA DjiboutiNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA EquatorialGuineaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA EritreaA02/3A02/3A02/3NAA05NANANANANANANANANA EthiopiaA05A05A05NANANAA04NANANANANANANA GambiaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA GuineaA05A05A05NAA02/3NANANANANANANANANA GuineaBissauNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA LesothoA04A04A04NANANANANANANANANANANA LiberiaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA MadagascarA02/3A02/3A02/3NAA04NAA04NANANANANANANA MalawiA04A04A04NANANANANANANANANANANA MaliNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA MauritaniaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA MozambiqueA02/3A02/3A02/3NANANANANANANANANANANA NigerNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA RwandaA05A05A04NANANANANANANANANANANA SaoTomeandPrincipeNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA SenegalA05A05A05NANANANANANANANANANANA SierraLeoneNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA SomaliaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA SudanA05A05NANAA05NANANANANANANANANA TogoNANANANAA02/3NANANANANANANANANA UgandaA02/3A02/3A02/3A02/3A04NANANANANANANANANA UnitedRepublicofTanzaniaA04A04A04NANANANANANANANANANAA04 ZambiaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA Asia AfghanistanNANANANANANANAA05NANANANANANA BangladeshA04A04A04NANANANANANANANANANAA04 BhutanA02/3A02/3NANAA04NAA02/3A02/3NANANANANANA CambodiaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA LaoPeople’sDemocratic RepublicNANANANAA02/3NANANANANANANANANA MaldivesA05A06/7A05A06/7A06/7NAA06/7NANANANANANANA MyanmarNANANANAA02/3NANANANANANANANANA NepalNANAA02/3NANANANANANANANANANAA02/3 Timor-LesteNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA YemenNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA Level of development, region and economy HH1 HH2 HH3 HH4 HH5 HH6 HH7 HH8 HH9 HH10 HH11 HH12 HH13 HR1 123 Annex 1 Availability of core ICT indicators Latin America and the Caribbean HaitiNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA Oceania KiribatiNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA SamoaNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA SolomonIslandsNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA TuvaluNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA VanuatuNANANANANANANANANANANANANANA Source: ITU and Eurostat (extracted from 30 November 2007 version). Level of development, region and economy HH1 HH2 HH3 HH4 HH5 HH6 HH7 HH8 HH9 HH10 HH11 HH12 HH13 HR1 124 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Developed economies Asia JapanNANAA05NAA05A05A05A05A05A05A05NA Europe ÅlandIslandsNANANANANANANANANANANANA AndorraNANANANANANANANANANANANA AustriaA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 BelgiumA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 ChannelIslandsNANANANANANANANANANANANA CroatiaNANANANANANANANANANANANA CzechRepublicA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 DenmarkA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 EstoniaA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 FaeroeIslandsNANANANANANANANANANANANA FinlandA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 FranceA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NAA06/7A06/7 GermanyA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 GibraltarNANANANANANANANANANANANA GreeceA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 GuernseyNANANANANANANANANANANANA HolySeeNANANANANANANANANANANANA HungaryA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 IcelandA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 IrelandA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 IsleofManNANANANANANANANANANANANA ItalyA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 JerseyNANANANANANANANANANANANA LatviaA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 LiechtensteinNANANANANANANANANANANANA LithuaniaA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 LuxembourgA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 MaltaA05NAA06/7NAA06/7A05A05A05A05NAA05A05 MonacoNANANANANANANANANANANANA NetherlandsA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 NorwayA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 Availability of the core indicators on use of ICT by businesses Levelofdevelopment, regionandeconomy B1.Proportionof businesesusing computers B2.Proportionof employeesusing computers B3.Proportionof businesesusingthe Internet B4.Proportionof employeesusingthe Internet B5.Proportionof busineseswithaWeb presence B6.Proportionofbusineses withanintranet B7.Proportionofbusineses receivingordersoverthe Internet B8.Proportionofbusineses placingordersoverthe Internet B9.Proportionof businessesusingthe Internetbytypeofaccess B10.Proportionof busineseswithaLocal AreaNetwork(LAN) B11.Proportionofbusineses withanextranet B12.Proportionof businessesusingtheInternet bytypeofactivity 125 Annex 1 Availability of core ICT indicators Level of development, region and economy B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 PolandA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 PortugalA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 SanMarinoNANANANANANANANANANANANA SlovakiaA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 SloveniaA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 SpainA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 SvalbardandJanMayen IslandsNANANANANANANANANANANANA SwedenA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 SwitzerlandA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 UnitedKingdomofGreat BritainandNorthernIrelandA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 Northern America BermudaA05A05A05A05A05NAA05A05NANANANA CanadaNANAA06/7NAA06/7NAA06/7A06/7A06/7NAA06/7A06/7 GreenlandNANANANANANANANANANANANA SaintPierreandMiquelonNANANANANANANANANANANANA UnitedStatesofAmericaNANANANANANANANANANANANA Oceania AustraliaA05NAA05NAA05NAA05A05A05NANAA05 NewZealandA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 Transition economies Asia ArmeniaNANANANANANANANANANANANA AzerbaijanA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A05NANAA06/7A06/7A05A06/7 GeorgiaNANANANANANANANANANANANA KazakhstanA05NAA05NAA05NAA05A05NAA05NAA05 KyrgyzstanNANAA05NAA05NANANANANANANA TajikistanNANANANANANANANANANANANA TurkmenistanNANANANANANANANANANANANA UzbekistanNANANANANANANANANANANANA Europe AlbaniaNANANANANANANANANANANANA BelarusA05NAA05NAA05NANANANAA05NANA BosniaandHerzegovinaNANANANANANANANANANANANA BulgariaA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 MontenegroNANANANANANANANANANANANA RepublicofMoldovaNANANANAA02/3NANANANAA02/3NANA RomaniaA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 RussianFederationA05A05A05A05A05NAA05A05NAA05NAA05 SerbiaA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 TheformerYugoslav RepublicofMacedoniaNANANANANANANANANANANANA UkraineNANANANANANANANANANANANA 126 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Developing economies Africa AlgeriaNANANANANANANANANANANANA BotswanaNANANANANANANANANANANANA CameroonA05NAA05NAA05A05NANAA05A05A05A05 CongoNANANANANANANANANANANANA Coted’IvoireNANANANANANANANANANANANA EgyptA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 GabonNANANANANANANANANANANANA GhanaNANANANANANANANANANANANA KenyaNANANANANANANANANANANANA LibyanArabJamahiriyaNANANANANANANANANANANANA MauritiusA06/7NAA06/7NAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NANANA MayotteNANANANANANANANANANANANA MoroccoNANAA05A05A05A05A05A05A05NANAA05 NamibiaNANANANANANANANANANANANA NigeriaNANANANANANANANANANANANA RéunionNANANANANANANANANANANANA SaintHelenaNANANANANANANANANANANANA SeychellesNANANANANANANANANANANANA SouthAfricaNANANANANANANANANANANANA SwazilandNANANANANANANANANANANANA TunisiaNANANANANANANANANANANANA WesternSaharaNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNC ZimbabweNANANANANANANANANANANANA Asia BahrainNANANANANANANANANANANANA BruneiDarussalamNANANANANANANANANANANANA ChinaNANAA05NAA05NAA05A05A05A05NAA05 CyprusA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 DemocraticPeople’sRepublic ofKoreaNANANANANANANANANANANANA HongKongSpecial AdministrativeRegion ofChinaA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 IndiaA02/3NANANANANANANANANANANA IndonesiaNANANANANANANANANANANANA Iran,IslamicRepublicofNANANANANANANANANANANANA IraqNANANANANANANANANANANANA IsraelNANANANANANANANANANANANA JordanNANANANANANANANANANANANA KuwaitNANANANANANANANANANANANA LebanonNANANANANANANANANANANANA MacaoSpecialAdministrative RegionofChinaA02/3NAA02/3NAA02/3NAA02/3A02/3A02/3NANAA02/3 MalaysiaNANANANANANANANANANANANA Level of development, region and economy B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 127 Annex 1 Availability of core ICT indicators MongoliaNANANANANANANANANANANANA OccupiedPalestinianTerritoryNANANANANANANANANANANANA OmanNANANANANANANANANANANANA PakistanNANANANANANANANANANANANA PhilippinesNANANANANANANANANANANANA QatarA05A05A05A05A05A05A05A05NANANANA RepublicofKoreaA05NAA05NAA05A05A05A05A05A05NAA05 SaudiArabiaNANANANANANANANANANANANA SingaporeA06/7NAA06/7NAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 SriLankaNANANANANANANANANANANANA SyrianArabRepublicNANANANANANANANANANANANA Taiwan,ChinaNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNCNC ThailandA06/7NAA06/7NAA06/7NAA06/7A06/7A06/7NANAA06/7 TurkeyA05A05A05A05A05A05NANAA05NANAA05 UnitedArabEmiratesNANANANANANANANANANANANA VietNamA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NANANANANAA06/7NANA Latin America and the Caribbean AnguillaNANANANANANANANANANANANA AntiguaandBarbudaNANANANANANANANANANANANA ArgentinaPA05PA05PA05A05A05A05A05A05A05A05A05A05 ArubaNANANANANANANANANANANANA BahamasNANANANANANANANANANANANA BarbadosNANANANANANANANANANANANA BelizeNANANANANANANANANANANANA BoliviaNANANANANANANANANANANANA BrazilA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 BritishVirginIslandsNANANANANANANANANANANANA CaymanIslandsNANANANANANANANANANANANA ChilePA05NAPA05NAA05NAA05A05A05A05A05A05 ColombiaNANANANANANANANANANANANA CostaRicaA04NAA04NAA04NANANANANANAA04 CubaA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NANANA DominicaNANANANANANANANANANANANA DominicanRepublicNANANANANANANANANANANANA EcuadorNANANANANANANANANANANANA ElSalvadorNANANANANANANANANANANANA FalklandIslands(Malvinas)NANANANANANANANANANANANA FrenchGuianaNANANANANANANANANANANANA GrenadaNANANANANANANANANANANANA GuadeloupeNANANANANANANANANANANANA GuatemalaNANANANANANANANANANANANA GuyanaNANANANANANANANANANANANA HondurasNANANANANANANANANANANANA JamaicaNANANANANANANANANANANANA MartiniqueNANANANANANANANANANANANA MexicoA02/3NAA02/3NAA02/3NANANANAA02/3NANA Level of development, region and economy B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 128 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View MontserratNANANANANANANANANANANANA NetherlandsAntillesNANANANANANANANANANANANA NicaraguaNANANANANANANANANANANANA PanamaA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7NAA06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7A06/7 ParaguayNANAA02/3NANANANANANANANAA02 PeruNANANANANANANANANANANANA PuertoRicoNANANANANANANANANANANANA SaintKittsandNevisNANANANANANANANANANANANA SaintLuciaNANANANANANANANANANANANA SaintMartin(Frenchpart)NANANANANANANANANANANANA SaintVincentandthe GrenadinesNANANANANANANANANANANANA Saint-BarthélemyNANANANANANANANANANANANA SurinameNANANANANANANANANANANANA TrinidadandTobagoNANANANANANANANANANANANA TurksandCaicosIslandsNANANANANANANANANANANANA UnitedStatesVirginIslandsNANANANANANANANANANANANA UruguayNANANANANANANANANANANANA Venezuela(Bolivarian Republicof)NANANANANANANANANANANANA Oceania AmericanSamoaNANANANANANANANANANANANA CookIslandsNANANANANANANANANANANANA FijiNANANANANANANANANANANANA FrenchPolynesiaNANANANANANANANANANANANA GuamNANANANANANANANANANANANA MarshallIslandsNANANANANANANANANANANANA Micronesia,FederatedStatesofNANANANANANANANANANANANA NauruNANANANANANANANANANANANA NewCaledoniaNANANANANANANANANANANANA NiueNANANANANANANANANANANANA NorfolkIslandNANANANANANANANANANANANA NorthernMarianaIslandsNANANANANANANANANANANANA PalauNANANANANANANANANANANANA PapuaNewGuineaNANANANANANANANANANANANA PitcairnNANANANANANANANANANANANA TokelauNANANANANANANANANANANANA TongaNANANANANANANANANANANANA WallisandFutunaIslandsNANANANANANANANANANANANA Least developed economies Africa AngolaNANANANANANANANANANANANA BeninNANANANANANANANANANANANA BurkinaFasoNANANANANANANANANANANANA BurundiNANANANANANANANANANANANA CapeVerdeNANANANANANANANANANANANA Level of development, region and economy B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 129 Annex 1 Availability of core ICT indicators CentralAfricanRepublicNANANANANANANANANANANANA ChadNANANANANANANANANANANANA ComorosNANANANANANANANANANANANA DemocraticRepublicoftheCongoNANANANANANANANANANANANA DjiboutiNANANANANANANANANANANANA EquatorialGuineaNANANANANANANANANANANANA EritreaNANANANANANANANANANANANA EthiopiaNANANANANANANANANANANANA GambiaNANANANANANANANANANANANA GuineaNANANANANANANANANANANANA GuineaBissauNANANANANANANANANANANANA LesothoNANANANANANANANANANANANA LiberiaNANANANANANANANANANANANA MadagascarNANANANANANANANANANANANA MalawiNANANANANANANANANANANANA MaliNANANANANANANANANANANANA MauritaniaNANANANANANANANANANANANA MozambiqueNANANANANANANANANANANANA NigerNANANANANANANANANANANANA RwandaNANANANANANANANANANANANA SaoTomeandPrincipeNANANANANANANANANANANANA SenegalNANANANANANANANANANANANA SierraLeoneNANANANANANANANANANANANA SomaliaNANANANANANANANANANANANA SudanNANANANANANANANANANANANA TogoNANANANANANANANANANANANA UgandaNANANANANANANANANANANANA UnitedRepublicofTanzaniaNANANANANANANANANANANANA ZambiaNANANANANANANANANANANANA Asia AfghanistanNANANANANANANANANANANANA BangladeshNANANANANANANANANANANANA BhutanNANANANANANANANANANANANA CambodiaNANANANANANANANANANANANA LaoPeople’sDemocraticRepublicNANANANANANANANANANANANA MaldivesNANANANANANANANANANANANA MyanmarNANANANANANANANANANANANA NepalNANANANANANANANANANANANA Timor-LesteNANANANANANANANANANANANA YemenNANANANANANANANANANANANA Latin America and the Caribbean HaitiNANANANANANANANANANANANA Oceania KiribatiNANANANANANANANANANANANA Level of development, region and economy B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 130 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View SamoaNANANANANANANANANANANANA SolomonIslandsNANANANANANANANANANANANA TuvaluNANANANANANANANANANANANA VanuatuNANANANANANANANANANANANA Source: UNCTAD and Eurostat (extracted from 7 December 2007 version). Level of development, region and economy B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 131 Annex 1 Availability of core ICT indicators Developed economies Asia JapanA05A05A06A06 Europe ÅlandIslandsNANANCNC AndorraNANAA04A04 AustriaA04A04A06A06 BelgiumA04A04A06A06 ChannelIslandsNANANCNC CroatiaPA04NAA06A06 CzechRepublicA04A04A06A06 DenmarkA04A04A06A06 EstoniaA04A04A06A06 FaeroeIslandsNANAA06A06 FinlandA04A04A06A06 FranceA04A04A06A06 GermanyA04A04A06A06 GibraltarNANANCNC GreeceA04A04A06A06 GuernseyNANANCNC HolySeeNANANCNC HungaryA04A04A06A06 IcelandA05A05A06A06 IrelandA04A04A06A06 IsleofManNANANCNC ItalyA04A04A06A06 JerseyNANANCNC LatviaA05A05A06A06 LiechtensteinNANANCNC LithuaniaA04A04A06A06 LuxembourgA02/3A02/3A06A06 MaltaA02/3A02/3A06A06 MonacoNANANCNC NetherlandsA04A04A06A06 NorwayA04A04A06A06 PolandA04A04A06A06 PortugalA04A04A06A06 SanMarinoNANANCNC SlovakiaA04A04A06A06 SloveniaA04A04A06A06 SpainA04A05A06A06 SvalbardandJanMayen IslandsNANANCNC SwedenA04A04A06A06 SwitzerlandNANAA06A06 UnitedKingdomofGreat BritainandNorthernIrelandA04A05A06A06 Northern America BermudaA05A05NANA CanadaA05A02/3A06A06 GreenlandNANAA02/3A02/3 SaintPierreandMiquelonNANANANA UnitedStatesofAmericaA06A06A06A06 Oceania AustraliaA05A05A06A06 NewZealandA06A05A06A06 Transition economies Asia ArmeniaNANAA06A06 AzerbaijanPA04NAA06A06 GeorgiaNANAA06A06 KazakhstanA05NAA06A06 Availability of the core indicators on the ICT sector and trade in ICT goods Levelofdevelopment,ICT1.ProportionoftotalICT2.ValueaddedintheICT3.ICTgoodsimportsICT4.ICTgoodsexports regionandeconomybusinesssectorworkforceICTsector(asapercentageasapercentageofasapercentageof involvedintheICTsectoroftotalbusinesssectortotalimportstotalexports valueadded). 132 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View KyrgyzstanPA04NAA06A06 TajikistanNANANANA TurkmenistanNANANANA UzbekistanNANANANA Europe AlbaniaNANAA06A06 BelarusNANAA06A06 BosniaandHerzegovinaNANAA06A06 BulgariaPA04PA04A06A06 MontenegroNANANCNC RepublicofMoldovaNANAA06A06 RomaniaA05A05A06A06 RussianFederationA05A05A06A06 SerbiaNANAA06A06 TheformerYugoslavRepublic ofMacedoniaNANAA06A06 UkrainePA02/3NAA06A06 Developing economies Africa AlgeriaNANAA06A06 BotswanaNANAA06A06 CameroonNANAA06A06 CongoNANANANA Coted’IvoireNANAA06A06 EgyptPA02/3NAA05A05 GabonNANAA06A06 GhanaNANAA06A06 KenyaNANAA04A04 LibyanArabJamahiriyaNANANANA MauritiusA06A06A06A06 MayotteNANAA06A06 MoroccoPA04PA04A06A06 NamibiaNANAA06A06 NigeriaNANAA02/3A02/3 RéunionNANANCNC SaintHelenaNANANCNC SeychellesNANAA06A06 SouthAfricaPA02/3NAA06A06 SwazilandNANAA05A05 TunisiaNANAA05A05 WesternSaharaNCNCNCNC ZimbabweNANAA05A05 Asia BahrainNANAA06A06 BruneiDarussalamNANAA06A06 ChinaNANAA06A06 CyprusA05A05A06A06 DemocraticPeople’s RepublicofKoreaNANANANA HongKongSpecial AdministrativeRegion ofChinaA04A04A06A06 IndiaPA02/3PA02/3A06A06 IndonesiaPA02/3PA02/3A06A06 Iran,IslamicRepublicofPA02/3PA02/3A06A06 IraqNANANANA IsraelA06A06A06A06 JordanNANAA06A06 KuwaitNANANANA LebanonNANAA04A04 MacaoSpecialAdministrative RegionofChinaNANAA06A06 MalaysiaA04NAA06A06 MongoliaNANAA06A06 OccupiedPalestinianTerritoryNANANCNC OmanNANAA06A06 PakistanNANAA06A06 PhilippinesNANAA06A06 QatarNANAA06A06 Level of development, region and economy ICT1 ICT2 ICT3 ICT4 133 Annex 1 Availability of core ICT indicators RepublicofKoreaA02/3PA02/3A06A06 SaudiArabiaNANAA06A06 SingaporePA02/3PA02/3A06A06 SriLankaNANAA05A05 SyrianArabRepublicNANAA06A06 Taiwan,ChinaNCNCA06A06 ThailandA06NAA06A06 TurkeyNANAA06A06 UnitedArabEmiratesNANANANA VietNamNANAA05A05 Latin America and the Caribbean AnguillaNANAA04A04 AntiguaandBarbudaNANAA05A05 ArgentinaNANAA06A06 ArubaNANAA04A04 BahamasNANANANA BarbadosNANAA06A06 BelizeNANAA06A06 BoliviaNANAA06A06 BrazilA04NAA06A06 BritishVirginIslandsNANANCNC CaymanIslandsNANANCNC ChileA05A05A06A06 ColombiaNANAA06A06 CostaRicaNANAA06A06 CubaA06A06A04A04 DominicaNANAA06A06 DominicanRepublicNANANANA EcuadorNANAA06A06 ElSalvadorNANAA06A06 FalklandIslands(Malvinas)NANANCNC FrenchGuianaNANANCNC GrenadaNANAA05A05 GuadeloupeNANANCNC GuatemalaNANAA06A06 GuyanaNANAA06A06 HondurasNANAA06A06 JamaicaNANAA06A06 MartiniqueNANANCNC MexicoNANAA06A06 MontserratNANAA06A06 NetherlandsAntillesNANANANA NicaraguaNANAA06A06 PanamaA06NAA06A06 ParaguayNANAA06A06 PeruNANAA06A06 PuertoRicoNANANCNC SaintKittsandNevisNANAA06A06 SaintLuciaNANAA05A05 SaintMartin(Frenchpart)NANANCNC SaintVincentandthe GrenadinesNANAA06A06 Saint-BarthélemyNANANCNC SurinameNANAA05NA TrinidadandTobagoNANAA06A06 TurksandCaicosIslandsNANAA04A04 UnitedStatesVirginIslandsNANANCNC UruguayNANAA06A06 Venezuela(Bolivarian Republicof)NANAA06A06 Oceania AmericanSamoaNANANANA CookIslandsNANAA05NA FijiNANAA06A06 FrenchPolynesiaNANAA06A06 GuamNANANANA MarshallIslandsNANANANA Micronesia,FederatedStatesofNANANANA NauruNANANANA NewCaledoniaNANAA06A06 Level of development, region and economy ICT1 ICT2 ICT3 ICT4 134 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View NiueNANANANC NorfolkIslandNANANCNC NorthernMarianaIslandsNANANCNC PalauNANANCNC PapuaNewGuineaNANAA02/3A02/3 PitcairnNANANCNC TokelauNANANANA TongaNANANANA WallisandFutunaIslandsNANAA02/3NA Least developed economies Africa AngolaNANANANA BeninNANAA05A05 BurkinaFasoNANAA04A04 BurundiNANAA05A05 CapeVerdeNANAA06A06 CentralAfricanRepublicNANAA05A05 ChadNANANANA ComorosNANANANA DemocraticRepublicof theCongoNANANANA DjiboutiNANANANA EquatorialGuineaNANANANA EritreaNANAA02/3A02/3 EthiopiaNANAA06A06 GambiaNANAA06A06 GuineaNANAA02/3A02/3 GuineaBissauNANANANA LesothoNANAA02/3A02/3 LiberiaNANANANA MadagascarNANAA06A06 MalawiNANAA06A06 MaliNANAA04A04 MauritaniaNANAA06NA MozambiqueNANAA06A06 NigerNANAA05A05 RwandaNANAA02/3A02/3 SaoTomeandPrincipeNANAA06A06 SenegalNANAA06A06 SierraLeoneNANAA02/3A02/3 SomaliaNANANANA SudanNANAA06A06 TogoNANAA05A05 UgandaNANAA06A06 UnitedRepublicofTanzaniaNANAA06A06 ZambiaNANAA06 A06 Asia AfghanistanNANANANA BangladeshNANAA04A04 BhutanNANANANA CambodiaNANAA04A04 LaoPeople’sDemocratic RepublicNANANANA MaldivesNANAA06A05 MyanmarNANANANA NepalNANAA02/3A02/3 Timor-LesteNANAA05A05 YemenNANAA06A06 Latin America and the Caribbean HaitiNANANANA Oceania KiribatiNANAA05NA SamoaNANAA04A04 SolomonIslandsNANANANA TuvaluNANANANA VanuatuNANANANA Source:UNCTAD,UNIDO,OECDandUNCOMTRADE. Level of development, region and economy ICT1 ICT2 ICT3 ICT4 135 Annex 2. Core indicators on ICT infrastructure and access Indicator Deinitions Basiccoreindicators A1 Fixedtelephone linesper100 inhabitants Fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitantsiscalculatedbydividingthenumberofixed telephonelinesbythepopulationandthenmultiplyingby100. Fixed telephone linesrefertotelephonelinesconnectingasubscriber’sterminalequipment tothepublicswitchedtelephonenetwork(PSTN)andwhichhaveadedicatedportona telephoneexchange. A2 Mobilecellular telephone subscribersper100 inhabitants Mobile cellular telephone subscribers per 100 inhabitantsisobtainedbydividingthe numberofmobilecellularsubscribersbythepopulationandthenmultiplyingby100. Mobile cellular telephone subscribersrefertousersofportabletelephonessubscribingto apublicmobiletelephoneserviceusingcellulartechnology,whichprovidesaccesstothe PSTN.Thiscanincludeanalogueanddigitalcellularsystems.Thisshouldalsoinclude subscriberstoIMT-2000(ThirdGeneration,3G).Usersofbothpost-paidsubscriptions andpre-paidaccountsareincluded. A3 Computersper100 inhabitants Computers per 100 inhabitantsisobtainedbydividingtheestimatednumberofcomputers installedinacountrybythepopulationandthenmultiplyingby100. Computersmeasuresthenumberofcomputersinstalledinacountry.Thestatisticincludes PCs,laptops,notebooksetc,butexcludesterminalsconnectedtomainframeandmini- computersthatareprimarilyintendedforshareduse,anddevicessuchassmart-phones thathaveonlysome,butnotall,ofthecomponentsofaPC(e.g.theymaylackafull-sized keyboard,alargescreen,anInternetconnection,drivesetc.). A4 Internetsubscribers per100inhabitants Internet subscribers per 100 inhabitantsisobtainedbydividingthenumberofInternet subscribersbythepopulationandthenmultiplyingby100. Internet subscribersrefertousersoftheInternetsubscribingtopaidixedaccesstothe publicInternet(aTCP/IPconnection),includingdial-upandixedbroadband.Itexcludes subscriberswithaccesstodatacommunications(includingtheInternet)viamobile cellularnetworks.Onlyactivesubscribersthathaveusedthesystemwithinareasonable periodoftimeareincluded. Annex 2. Core indicators on ICT infrastructure and access 136 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View A5 BroadbandInternet subscribersper100 inhabitants Broadband Internet subscribers per 100 inhabitantsisobtainedbydividingthenumberof broadbandInternetsubscribersbythepopulationandthenmultiplyingby100. Broadband Internet subscribersrefertousersoftheInternetsubscribingtopaidhigh- speedixedaccesstothepublicInternet(aTCP/IPconnection),atspeedsequalto,or greaterthan,256Kbit/s,inoneorbothdirections.Itexcludessubscriberswithaccessto datacommunications(includingtheInternet)viamobilecellularnetworks. A6 International Internetbandwidth perinhabitant(bits) International Internet bandwidth per inhabitantisobtainedbydividingtheamountof bandwidthbythepopulation. International Internet bandwidthreferstothetotalcapacityofinternationalInternet bandwidth.Ifcapacityisasymmetric(i.e.moreincomingthanoutgoing),theincoming capacityisused. A7 Percentageof populationcovered bymobilecellular telephony Percentage of population covered by mobile cellular telephonyreferstothepercentageofa country’sinhabitantsthatlivewithinareasservedbyamobilecellularsignal,irrespective ofwhetherornottheyaresubscribers.Notethatthismeasuresthetheoreticalabilityto usemobilecellularservicesifonehasacellulartelephoneandasubscription. A8 Internetaccess tariffs(20hoursper month),inUS$,and asapercentageof percapitaincome The Internet access tariffincludesthetariffcomponentsofmonthlylinerental,lineusage chargeandInternetaccesscharge,plusanytaxthatmaybelevied(asthisisaserviceused bybothresidentialandbusinessconsumers).Thetariffchosenforaparticularcountry wouldbethepackagefor20hourspermonththatisthecheapest,thatiswidelyavailable (or,inthecaseofregionalserviceproviders,isavailableinthecapitalcity)andisavailable tothegeneralpublicwithoutrestriction(e.g.excludingin-companyorlimitedtimeoffers, andexcludingoffersthatarebundledwithsomeotherservice).Thepricecomparisonis expressedinUS$.Theindicatorshouldbecompared,asfaraspossible,forthesamedate betweencountries. As a percentage of per capita incomeinvolvesdividingtheInternetaccesstariffbythe averagemonthlygrossnationalincomepercapitaofthecountry. A9 Mobilecellular tariffs(100minutes ofusepermonth), inUS$,andasa percentageofper capitaincome The Mobile cellular tariffincludesthetariffcomponentsofmonthlyservicerental(if relevant),50minutesoflocalpeaktimecallingand50minutesoflocaloff-peakcalling, plustax.Differencesinthedistanceofcalls,whichmaybeapplicableinsomecountries, arenottakenintoaccount,norareinternationalcallsorSMSmessages.Thepossibleone- timechargeforconnectionisnottakenintoaccount,exceptwherethisisbundledintothe costsofapre-paidaccount.Countriesshouldcalculatethetariffeitheronapost-paidora pre-paidservice,whicheveroneismorepopularlyused.Ifmorethan50%ofthemobile cellularsubscribersusepre-paid,thenthetariffshouldalsobebasedonthepre-paid service,andviceversa.ThepricecomparisonisexpressedinUS$.Theindicatorshould becompared,asfaraspossible,forthesamedatebetweencountries. As a percentage of per capita incomeinvolvesdividingthemobilecellulartariffbythe averagemonthlygrossnationalincomepercapitaofthecountry. A10 Percentageof localitieswith publicInternet accesscentres (PIACs) Percentage of localities with public Internet access centres (PIACs)iscomputedby dividingthenumberoflocalitieswithatleastonePIACbythetotalnumberofthe country’slocalitiesandthenmultiplyingby100.Theindicatormaybebrokendownby rural/urban. A public Internet access centre (PIAC)isasite,location,orcentreofinstructionatwhich Internetaccessismadeavailabletothepublic,onafull-timeorpart-timebasis.Thismay includetelecentres,digitalcommunitycentres,Internetcafés,libraries,educationcentres andothersimilarestablishments,whenevertheyofferInternetaccesstothegeneralpublic. AllsuchcentresshouldhaveatleastonepubliccomputerforInternetaccess.Localities refertoacountry’svillages,townsandcities. NotethatthisindicatorisusedtomeasuretheWSIStarget “to connect villages with ICTs and establish community access points”by2015. 137 Annex 2. Core indicators on ICT infrastructure and access Extendedcoreindicators A11 Radiosetsper100 inhabitants Radio sets per 100 inhabitantsisobtainedbydividingthenumberofradiosetsinuseby thepopulationandthenmultiplyingby100. A radio setisadevicecapableofreceivingbroadcastradiosignals,usingpopular frequencies,suchasFM,AM,LWandSW.Aradiosetmaybeastand-alonedevice,orit maybeintegratedintoanotherdevice,suchasaWalkman,acar,oranalarmclock. A12 Televisionsetsper 100inhabitants Television sets per 100 inhabitantsisobtainedbydividingthenumberofsetsinusebythe populationandthenmultiplyingby100. A television setisadevicecapableofreceivingbroadcasttelevisionsignals,usingpopular accessmeanssuchasover-the-air,cableandsatellite.Atelevisionsetmaybeastand- alonedevice,oritmaybeintegratedintoanotherdevice,suchasacomputeroramobile phone. Source: Core ICT Indicators ( Partnership , 2005c) and Telecommunication Indicators Handbook (ITU, 2007a). 139 Annex 3. Core indicators on access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals Indicator Deinitions Basiccoreindicators HH1 Proportionofhouseholds witharadio The proportion of households with a radioiscalculatedbydividingthe numberofin-scopehouseholdswitharadiobythetotalnumberofin- scopehouseholds. A radioisadevicecapableofreceivingbroadcastradiosignals,using popularfrequencies,suchasFM,AM,LWandSW.Aradiosetmaybea stand-alonedevice,oritmaybeintegratedintoanotherdevice,suchasa ‘Walkman’,acaroranalarmclock. HH2 Proportionofhouseholds withaTV The proportion of households with a TViscalculatedbydividingthe numberofin-scopehouseholdswithaTVbythetotalnumberofin-scope households. A TV(television)isadevicecapableofreceivingbroadcasttelevision signals,usingpopularaccessmeanssuchasover-the-air,cableandsatellite. Atelevisionsetmaybeastand-alonedevice,oritmaybeintegratedinto anotherdevice,suchasacomputeroramobilephone. HH3 Proportionofhouseholds withaixedlinetelephone The proportion of households with a ixed line telephoneiscalculatedby dividingthenumberofin-scopehouseholdswithaixedlinetelephoneby thetotalnumberofin-scopehouseholds. A ixed telephone linereferstoatelephonelineconnectingacustomer’s terminalequipment(e.g.telephoneset,facsimilemachine)tothepublic switchedtelephonenetwork(PSTN)andwhichhasadedicatedportona telephoneexchange. HH4 Proportionofhouseholds withamobilecellular telephone The proportion of households with a mobile cellular telephoneiscalculated bydividingthenumberofin-scopehouseholdswithamobilecellular telephonebythetotalnumberofin-scopehouseholds. A mobile cellular telephonereferstoaportabletelephonesubscribingtoa publicmobiletelephoneserviceusingcellulartechnology,whichprovides accesstothePSTN.Thisincludesanalogueanddigitalcellularsystems,as wellasIMT-2000(3G).Usersofbothpost-paidsubscriptionsandpre-paid accountsareincluded. Annex 3. Core indicators on access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals 140 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View HH5 Proportionofhouseholds withacomputer The proportion of households with a computeriscalculatedbydividing thenumberofin-scopehouseholdswithacomputerbythetotalnumberof in-scopehouseholds. A computerincludes:adesktop,portableorhandheldcomputer(e.g.a personaldigitalassistant).Itdoesnotincludeequipmentwithsome embeddedcomputingabilitiessuchasmobilephonesorTVsets. 1 HH6 Proportionofindividuals whousedacomputer(from anylocation)inthelast12 months The proportion of individuals who used a computeriscalculatedby dividingthetotalnumberofin-scopeindividualswhousedacomputer fromanylocationinthelast12monthsbythetotalnumberofin-scope individuals. HH7 Proportionofhouseholds withInternetaccessat home The proportion of households with Internet access at homeiscalculated bydividingthenumberofin-scopehouseholdswithInternetaccessbythe totalnumberofin-scopehouseholds. The Internetisaworld-widepubliccomputernetwork.Itprovidesaccess toanumberofcommunicationservicesincludingtheWorldWideWeband carriesemail,news,entertainmentanddatailes.Accessisnotassumedto beonlyviaacomputer−itmayalsobebymobilephone,gamesmachine, digitalTVetc. HH8 Proportionofindividuals whousedtheInternet(from anylocation)inthelast12 months The proportion of individuals who used the Internetiscalculatedby dividingthetotalnumberofin-scopeindividualswhousedtheInternet (fromanylocation)inthelast12monthsbythetotalnumberofin-scope individuals. HH9 Locationofindividualuse oftheInternetinthelast12 months Forinternationalcomparability,outputismostsimplypresentedasthe proportionofin-scopeindividualsusingtheInternetateachlocation,for instance,theproportionofindividualsusingtheInternetathome,atwork etc.AnalternativepresentationistheproportionofInternetusersusing theInternetfromeachlocation.Individualscanrespondinrespectofmore thanonelocation. Athome Atwork Whereaperson’sworkplaceislocatedathis/herhome,thenhe/shewould answeryestothehomecategoryonly. Placeofeducation Atanotherperson’shome CommunityInternetaccess facility Includesaccessatcommunityfacilitiessuchaspubliclibraries,publicly providedInternetkiosks,digitalcommunitycentres,othergovernment agencies;accessistypicallyfreeorlowcostandisavailabletothegeneral public. CommercialInternetaccess facility IncludespubliclyavailableaccessatInternetorcybercafés,hotels,airports etc;eventhoughthevenueiscommercial,thecostisnotnecessarilyatfull marketprice. Otherplaces HH10 Internetactivities undertakenbyindividualsin thelast12months Forinternationalcomparability,outputismostsimplypresentedasthe proportionofin-scopeindividualsundertakingeachactivity,forinstance, theproportionofindividualsusingtheInternettogetinformationabout goodsorservices.AnalternativepresentationistheproportionofInternet usersundertakingeachactivity. Notethattheseactivitiesarerestrictedtoprivatepurposesandtherefore excludeactivitiessuchaspurchasingovertheInternetundertakenaspart ofaperson’sjob.Individualscanrespondinrespectofmorethanone activityandactivitiesarenotmutuallyexclusive. 141 Annex 3. Core indicators on access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals Forgettinginformation: Aboutgoodsorservices Relatedtohealthorhealth services Healthinformationcoversinjury,disease,nutritionandimprovinghealth generally. Fromgovernment organizations/public authoritiesviawebsitesor email Governmentorganizations/publicauthoritiesarepreferablydeinedperthe SNA93(http://unstats.un.org/unsd/sna1993/glossform.asp?getitem=219). Theyincludegovernmentorganizationsatlocal,regionalandnational level. Otherinformationsearches orgeneralwebbrowsing Forcommunicating Includessendingorreceivingemail,usingchatrooms/sites,message boards,instantmessaging,telephoningviaInternet. Forpurchasingorordering goodsorservices Includespurchasinganddownloadingofdigitizedproducts,suchasmusic, fromtheInternet. ForInternetbanking Foreducationorlearning activities Thisreferstoformallearningactivitiessuchasstudyassociatedwithschool ortertiaryeducationcoursesaswellasdistanceeducationinvolvingon- lineactivities.(Amorenarrowinterpretationislikelytobelessmeaningful asitcouldincludearangeofactivitiessuchasusingtheInternettosearch forinformation.) Fordealingwith governmentorganizations/ publicauthorities Governmentorganizations/publicauthoritiesarepreferablydeinedperthe SNA93(http://unstats.un.org/unsd/sna1993/glossform.asp?getitem=219). Theyincludegovernmentorganizationsatlocal,regionalandnational level. Forleisureactivities: Playing/downloadingvideo orcomputergames Includesilesharinggamesandplayinggamesonline. Internetactivities undertakenbyindividualsin thelast12months Downloadingmovies,music orsoftware Includesilesharingandusingwebradioorwebtelevision.Forsoftware, includesdownloadingofpatchesandupgrades. Reading/downloading electronicbooks, newspapersormagazines Includesaccessingnewswebsites. Otherleisureactivities Includesgambling. Extendedcoreindicators HH11 Proportionofindividuals withuseofamobile cellulartelephone The proportion of individuals with use of a mobile cellular telephoneis calculatedbydividingthetotalnumberofin-scopeindividualswithuseof amobiletelephonebythetotalnumberofin-scopeindividuals. Use of a mobile telephonedoesnotmeanthatthetelephoneisownedor paidforbythepersonbutshouldbereasonablyavailablethroughwork, afriendorfamilymember,etc.Itexcludesoccasionaluse,forinstance, borrowingamobilephonetomakeacall. 142 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View HH12 Proportionofhouseholds withaccesstotheInternet bytypeofaccess Forinternationalcomparability,outputismostsimplypresentedasthe proportionofin-scopehouseholdsusingeachtypeofaccessservice,for instance,theproportionofhouseholdsaccessingtheInternetbyDSL. Additionally,outputshouldbeavailablefortheaggregations,theproportion ofhouseholdswithbroadband/narrowbandaccesstotheInternet. Alternatively,outputcanbepresentedasaproportionofhouseholdswith Internetaccess. Categoriesshouldallowaggregationtonarrowbandandbroadband. Ashouseholdscanusemorethanonetypeofaccessservice,multiple responsesarepossible. Analoguemodem(dial-up viastandardphoneline) Dial-upisaconnectiontotheInternetviaananaloguemodemand telephoneline,whichrequiresthatthemodemdialaphonenumber whenInternetaccessisneeded.Themodemconvertsadigitalsignalinto analoguefortransmissionbytraditional(copper)telephonelines.Italso convertsanaloguetransmissionsbacktodigital. ISDN(IntegratedServices DigitalNetwork) ISDNisatelecommunicationservicethatturnsatraditional(copper) telephonelineintoahigherspeeddigitallink.ISDNisusuallyconsidered tobenarrowband. DSL(DigitalSubscriber Line,includesADSL, SDSL,VDSL,etc.) DSL(digitalsubscriberline)lineisatechnologyforbringinghigh- bandwidthinformationtohomesandsmallbusinessesoverordinary coppertelephonelines.Speedshouldbeequalto,orgreaterthan,256 Kbit/s,inoneorbothdirections. Cablemodem AcablemodemusescableTVlinesforconnectingtotheInternet. Othernarrowband Includesmobilephoneandotherformsofaccesswithanadvertised downloadspeedoflessthan256Kbit/s,inoneorbothdirections. NarrowbandmobilephoneaccessservicesincludeCDMA1x(Release0), GPRS,WAPandi-mode. Otherbroadband Includeshighspeedleasedlines,ibre-to-the-home,somemobilephone access(3Gand3.5G),powerline,satellite,ixedwireless,WiMAXetcwithan advertiseddownloadspeedofequalto,orgreaterthan,256Kbit/s,inoneor bothdirections.BroadbandmobilephoneaccessservicesincludeWideband CDMA(W-CDMA),knownasUniversalMobileTelecommunications System(UMTS)inEurope;High-speedDownlinkPacketAccess(HSDPA), complementedbyHigh-SpeedUplinkPacketAccess(HSUPA);CDMA2000 1xEV-DOandCDMA2001xEV-DV. HH13 Frequency of individual access to the Internet in the last 12 months (from any location) For international comparability, output is most simply presented as the proportion of in-scope individuals using the Internet with each frequency, for instance, the proportion of individuals using the Internet at least once a day. An alternative presentation is the proportion of Internet users using the Internet with each frequency. It is recommended that countries collect this information in respect of a typical period; therefore, respondents should ignore weekends (if they only access the Internet from work) and breaks from their usual routine, such as holidays. At least once a day At least once a week but not every day At least once a month but not every week Less than once a month 143 Annex 3. Core indicators on access to, and use of, ICT by households and individuals Reference indicator HHR1 Proportion of households with electricity Electricity is not an ICT commodity, but is an important prerequisite for using many ICTs. It is therefore included in the core list as a reference indicator. Source: Core ICT Indicators ( Partnership , 2005c). Updates have been applied to some definitions (radios, community Internet access facilities, mobile phone and Internet access service technologies) based on the Telecommunication Indicators Handbook (ITU, 2007a). The updates are not expected to affect statistical time series. Classiicatory variables Forthehouseholdaccessindicators(HH1,HH2,HH3,HH4,HH5andHH7)sub-indicatorsmaybe constructedusingthehouseholdclassiicatoryvariables, household compositionand household size . Thesearedeinedin Partnership(2005c)asfollows: •Householdcomposition(two-wayclassiication:householdswith/withoutchildrenunder16); and •Householdsize(numberofmembers,includingthoseoutsidetheagescope). Fortheindividualuseindicators(HH6,HH8,HH9,HH10,HH11,HH12andHH13),sub-indicators maybeconstructedusingtheindividualclassiicatoryvariables,age,gender,highesteducationlevel, employmentstatusandoccupation.Thesearedeinedin Partnership(2005c)asfollows: •Age:toshowthedifferencesbetweenagegroupings,reasonablyineandequal-sizedrangesare proposed:16to24;25to34;35to44;45to54;55to64;65to74; •Gender; •Highesteducationlevelreceived:afour-wayclassiicationisproposed:Noformaleducationor primaryeducation(ISCED0,1);Lowersecondaryeducation(ISCED2);Uppersecondaryor post-secondarynon-tertiary(ISCED3,4);Tertiary(ISCED5,6); •Employmentstatus(four-wayclassiication:paidemployee;self-employed,unemployed;notin thelabourforce);and •Occupation(usingISCO88majorgroupswherepossible). 1 NotethatthisisadifferentdeinitionofacomputerfromtheoneusedforindicatorA3,withthemaindifference beingthatpersonaldigitalassistants(PDA)areincludedherebutexcludedfromA3.Therearepracticaland historicalreasonsforthisdifferencebut,forthepurposesofindicatorsHH5andHH6,thefunctionalityofPDAs, whichmayincludeInternetconnectivity,isofinterest. 145 Annex 4. Core indicators on the use of ICT by businesses Indicator Deinitions Basiccoreindicators B1 Proportionofbusinesses usingcomputers The proportion of businesses using computersiscalculatedbydividing thenumberofin-scopebusinessesusingcomputersduringthe12-month referenceperiodbythetotalnumberofin-scopebusinesses. A computerincludes:adesktop,portableorhandheldcomputer(e.g.a personaldigitalassistant),minicomputerandmainframe.Acomputer doesnotincludeequipmentwithsomeembeddedcomputingabilities, suchasmobilephonesorTVsets,nordoesitincludecomputer-controlled machineryorelectronictills. B2 Proportionofemployees usingcomputers The proportion of employees using computersiscalculatedbydividing thenumberofemployeesusingcomputers(inallin-scopebusinesses)by thetotalnumberofemployees(inallin-scopebusinesses). Employeesrefertoallpersonsworkingforthebusiness,notonlythose workinginclericaljobs.Theyincludeworkingproprietorsandpartners, aswellasemployees. B3 Proportionofbusinesses usingtheInternet The proportion of businesses using the Internetiscalculatedbydividing thenumberofin-scopebusinessesusingtheInternetbythetotalnumber ofin-scopebusinesses. The InternetreferstoInternetprotocol(IP)basednetworks:WWW(the WorldWideWeb),anextranetovertheInternet,EDIovertheInternet, InternetaccessedbymobilephonesandInternetemail. B4 Proportionofemployees usingtheInternet The proportion of employees using the Internetiscalculatedbydividing thenumberofemployeesusingtheInternet(inallin-scopebusinesses)by thetotalnumberofemployees(inallin-scopebusinesses). Annex 4. Core indicators on the use of ICT by businesses 146 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View B5 Proportionofbusinesses withawebpresence The proportion of businesses with a web presenceiscalculatedby dividingthenumberofin-scopebusinesseswithawebpresencebythe totalnumberofin-scopebusinesses. A web presenceincludesawebsite,homepageorpresenceonanother entity’swebsite(includingarelatedbusiness).Itexcludesinclusioninan on-linedirectoryandanyotherwebpageswherethebusinessdoesnot havesubstantialcontroloverthecontentofthepage. B6 Proportionofbusinesses withanintranet The proportion of businesses with an intranetiscalculatedbydividing thenumberofin-scopebusinesseswithanintranetbythetotalnumberof in-scopebusinesses. An intranetreferstoaninternalcompanycommunicationsnetworkusing Internetprotocolallowingcommunicationwithintheorganization.Itis typicallysetupbehindairewalltocontrolaccess. B7 Proportionofbusinesses receivingordersoverthe Internet Forinternationalcomparability,the proportion of businesses receiving orders over the Internetismostsimplycalculatedbydividingthenumber ofin-scopebusinessesreceivingordersovertheInternetbythetotal numberofin-scopebusinesses.Alternatively,outputcanbepresentedas theproportionofin-scopebusinessesusingtheInternet. Orders receivedincludeordersreceivedviatheInternetwhetherornot paymentwasmadeonline.Theyincludeordersreceivedviawebsites, specializedInternetmarketplaces,extranets,EDIovertheInternet, Internet-enabledmobilephonesandemail.Theyalsoincludeorders receivedonbehalfofotherorganizations–andordersreceivedbyother organizationsonbehalfofthebusiness. Orders receivedexcludeordersthatwerecancelledornotcompleted. B8 Proportionofbusinesses placingordersoverthe Internet Forinternationalcomparability,the proportion of businesses placing orders over the Internetismostsimplycalculatedbydividingthenumber ofin-scopebusinessesplacingordersovertheInternetbythetotal numberofin-scopebusinesses.Alternatively,outputcanbepresentedas theproportionofin-scopebusinessesusingtheInternet. Orders placedincludeordersplacedviatheInternetwhetherornot paymentwasmadeonline.Theyincludeordersplacedviawebsites, specializedInternetmarketplaces,extranets,EDIovertheInternet, Internet-enabledmobilephonesandemail. Orders placedexcludeordersthatwerecancelledornotcompleted. Extendedcoreindicators B9 Proportionofbusinesses usingtheInternetbytypeof access Forinternationalcomparability,outputismostsimplypresentedasthe proportionofin-scopebusinessesusingeachtypeofaccessservice, forinstance,theproportionofbusinessesaccessingtheInternetby DSL.Additionally,outputshouldbeavailablefortheaggregations,the proportionofbusinesseswithbroadbandandnarrowbandaccessto theInternet.Alternatively,outputcanbepresentedasaproportionof businessesusingtheInternet. Categoriesshouldallowaggregationtonarrowbandandbroadband, wherebroadbandexcludesslowertechnologies,suchasdial-up,ISDN andmost2Gmobilephoneaccess.Broadbandwillusuallyhavean advertiseddownloadspeedofatleast256Kbit/s,inoneorbothdirections. Asbusinessescanusemorethanonetypeofaccessservice,multiple responsesarepossible. 147 Annex 4. Core indicators on the use of ICT by businesses Analoguemodem(dial-up viastandardphoneline) Dial-upisaconnectiontotheInternetviaananaloguemodemand telephoneline,whichrequiresthatthemodemdialaphonenumber whenInternetaccessisneeded.Themodemconvertsadigitalsignalinto analoguefortransmissionbytraditional(copper)telephonelines.Italso convertsanaloguetransmissionsbacktodigital. ISDN(IntegratedServices DigitalNetwork) ISDNisatelecommunicationservicethatturnsatraditional(copper) telephonelineintoahigherspeeddigitallink.ISDNisusuallyconsidered tobenarrowband. DSL(DigitalSubscriber Line,includingADSL, SDSL,VDSL,etc.) DSL(digitalsubscriberline)lineisatechnologyforbringinghigh- bandwidthinformationtohomesandsmallbusinessesoverordinary coppertelephonelines.Speedshouldbeequalto,orgreaterthan,256 Kbit/s,inoneorbothdirections. Cablemodem A cable modemusescableTVlinesforconnectingtotheInternet. Othernarrowband Includesmobilephoneandotherformsofaccesswithanadvertised downloadspeedoflessthan256Kbit/s,inoneorbothdirections. NarrowbandmobilephoneaccessservicesincludeCDMA1x(Release 0),GPRS,WAPand i-mode . Otherbroadband Includeshighspeedleasedlines,ibre-to-the-home,somemobilephone access(3Gand3.5G),powerline,satellite,ixedwireless,WiMAXetcwith anadvertiseddownloadspeedofequalto,orgreaterthan,256Kbit/s,in oneorbothdirections. Broadbandmobilephoneaccessservicesinclude Wideband CDMA(W- CDMA),knownas Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) inEurope;High-speedDownlinkPacketAccess(HSDPA),complemented byHigh-SpeedUplinkPacketAccess(HSUPA);CDMA20001xEV-DO andCDMA2001xEV-DV. B10 Proportionofbusinesses withalocalareanetwork (LAN) The proportion of businesses with a LANiscalculatedbydividingthe numberofin-scopebusinesseswithaLANbythetotalnumberofin- scopebusinesses. A local area network(LAN)referstoanetworkconnectingcomputers withinalocalizedareasuchasasinglebuilding,departmentorsite;it maybewireless. B11 Proportionofbusinesses withanextranet The proportion of businesses with an extranetiscalculatedbydividing thenumberofin-scopebusinesseswithanextranetbythetotalnumber ofin-scopebusinesses. An extranetisaclosednetworkthatusesInternetprotocolstosecurely shareabusiness’informationwithsuppliers,vendors,customersorother businessespartners.Itcantaketheformofasecureextensionofan Intranetthatallowsexternaluserstoaccesssomepartsofthebusiness’ Intranet.Itcanalsobeaprivatepartofthebusiness’website,where businesspartnerscannavigateafterbeingauthenticatedinaloginpage. 1 B12 Proportionofbusinesses usingtheInternetbytype ofactivity Forinternationalcomparability,outputismostsimplypresentedasthe proportionofin-scopebusinessesundertakingeachactivity,forinstance, theproportionofbusinessesusingtheInternetforsendingorreceiving emails.AnalternativepresentationistheproportionofbusinessInternet usersundertakingeachactivity. Forgettinginformation aboutgoodsorservices: 148 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View Forgettinginformation fromgovernment organizations/public authoritiesviawebsitesor email Government organizations/public authoritiesarepreferablydeined pertheSNA93(http://unstats.un.org/unsd/sna1993/glossform.asp? getitem=219).Theyincludegovernmentorganizationsatlocal,regional andnationallevel. Forsendingorreceiving email ForperformingInternet bankingoraccessingother inancialservices Forinteractingwith governmentorganizations/ publicauthorities Interactingwithgovernmentorganizationsincludesdownloading/ requestingforms,completing/lodgingformsonline,makingon-line paymentsandpurchasingfrom,orsellingto,governmentorganizations. Itdoesnotincludegettinginformationfromgovernmentorganizations. 2 Government organizations/publicauthoritiesarepreferablydeinedper theSNA93(http://unstats.un.org/unsd/sna1993/glossform.asp?getitem =219).Theyincludegovernmentorganizationsatlocal,regionaland nationallevel. Forprovidingcustomer services Customerservicesincludeprovidingon-lineoremailedproduct cataloguesorpricelists,productspeciicationorconigurationonline, aftersalessupport,andordertrackingonline. Fordeliveringproductson line DeliveringproductsonlinereferstoproductsdeliveredovertheInternet indigitizedform,e.g.reports,software,music,videos,computergames; andon-lineservices,suchascomputer-relatedservices,information services,travelbookingsorinancialservices. Forotherinformation searchesorresearch activities Source: Core ICT Indicators ( Partnership , 2005c). Updates have been applied to definitions of Internet access service technologies based on the Telecommunication Indicators Handbook (ITU, 2007a). Other changes have been made based on the UNCTAD Manual for the Production of Statistics on the Information Economy (UNCTAD, 2007a) and are shown in the endnotes. The updates are not expected to affect statistical time series. 1 Thedeinitionofanextranethaschangedsinceoriginallypublishedin Core ICT Indicators( Partnership,2005c). 2 Notethattheresponsecategoryanddeinitionrelatingtodealingwithgovernmentorganizationshavechanged slightlysinceoriginallypublishedin Core ICT Indicators( Partnership,2005c). 149 Annex 4. Core indicators on the use of ICT by businesses Classiicatory variables Sub-indicatorsmaybeconstructedforthebusinessuseindicatorsusingtheclassiicatoryvariables, employmentsizeandindustry(oftenreferredtoas economic activity).Thesearedeinedin Partnership (2005c)asfollows: •AminimalproposedbroadindustryoutputclassiicationbasedonISICRev.3.1is:manufacturing (ISICD),construction(ISICF),wholesaleandretailtrade(includingrepairofmotorvehicles, motorcyclesandpersonalandhouseholdgoods)(ISICG),hotelsandrestaurants(ISICH), transport,storageandcommunications(ISICI),andrealestate,rentingandbusinessservices (ISICK).Notethatmanyeconomiescollectdataforabroaderindustryscopethanthis;and •Thesizeclassiicationproposedis: 10-49 employees; 50-249 employeesand 250 or more employees.Aswithindustry,manyeconomiescollectinformationforabroaderscopethanthis (commonlyincludingsmallerbusinesses). 151 Annex 5. Core indicators for the ICT sector and trade in ICT goods Indicator Deinitions ICT1 Proportionoftotalbusiness sectorworkforceinvolved intheICTsector(usually expressedasapercentage) ICT workforce(orICTemployment)consistsofthosepersonsemployed inbusinessesthatareclassiiedasbelongingtotheICTsector.Total businessworkforcerepresentsallpersonsengagedindomesticproduction inthebusinesssector.Inanationalaccountsframework,employmentcan bemeasuredintermsofheadcounts,jobs,full-timeequivalents(FTE) orhoursworked.Currently,totalheadcountsorjobsareusedformost countries. ICT2 ValueaddedintheICT sector(asapercentageof totalbusinesssectorvalue added). Value addedforaparticularindustryrepresentsitscontributionto nationalGDP.ItissometimesreferredtoasGDPbyindustryandisnot directlymeasured(butisestimatedinanationalaccountsframework). Ingeneral,itiscalculatedasthedifferencebetweenproduction(gross output)andintermediateinputs(theenergy,materialsandservices requiredtoproduceinaloutput).SeealsoTable19. ICT3 ICTgoodsimportsasa percentageoftotalimports ICT goodsaredeinedbytheOECD’sICTgoodsclassiicationinterms ofthe1996and2002HSclassiication(seeAnnex6). Otherconceptsareperthe UN COMTRADEdatabasee.g.re-exports andre-importsarenotnettedout,anddataarepresentedinUSdollars (convertedbytheUNfromcountrycurrencies). ICT4 ICTgoodsexportsasa percentageoftotalexports Source: Core ICT Indicators ( Partnership , 2005c). Annex 5. Core indicators for the ICT sector and trade in ICT goods 153 Annex 6. OECD list of ICT goods (2003) HS 2002 HS 1996 Telecommunications equipment Notes 851711851711Linetelephonesetswithcordlesshandsets 851719851719Othertelephonesets,videophones 851721851721Facsimilemachines 851722851722Teleprinters 851730851730Telephonicortelegraphicswitchingapparatus 851750851750Otherapparatus,forcarrier-currentlinesystemsorfordigitallinesystems 851780851780Otherelectricalapparatusforlinetelephonyorlinetelegraphy 851790851790Partsforotherelectricalapparatusforlinetelephonyorlinetelegraphy 852020852020Telephoneansweringmachines 852510852510Transmissionapparatusforradio-telephony,radio-telegraphy, radio-broadcastingortelevisionnotincorporatingreceptionapparatus 852520852520Transmissionapparatusforradio-telephony,radio-telegraphy, radio-broadcastingortelevisionincorporatingreceptionapparatus 852530852530Televisioncameras 852610852610Radarapparatus 852790852790Receptionapparatusforradio-telephony,radio-telegraphyor radio-broadcasting,whetherornotcombined,inthesamehousing,with soundrecordingorreproducingapparatusoraclock,n.e.s 852910852910Aerialsandaerialrelectorsofallkinds;partssuitableforusetherewith 853110853110Burglarorirealarmsandsimilarapparatus(1) 854420854420Co-axialcableandotherco-axialelectricconductors 854470854470Opticalibrecables HS2002HS1996Computerandrelatedequipment 847110847110Analogueorhybridautomaticdataprocessingmachines 847130847130Portabledigitalautomaticdataprocessingmachines,weighingnotmore than10kg,consistingofatleastacentralprocessingunit,akeyboard andadisplay 847141847141Digitalautomaticdataprocessingmachinescomprisinginthesame housingatleastacentralprocessingunitandaninputandoutputunit, whetherornotcombined 847149847149Otherdigitalautomaticdataprocessingmachines,presentedintheform ofsystems 847150847150Digitalprocessingunitsotherthanthoseofsubheadings8471.41 and8471.49,whetherornotcontaininginthesamehousingoneortwo ofthefollowingtypesofunit:storageunits,inputunits,outputunits 847160847160Automaticdataprocessingmachines,inputoroutputunits,whetheror notcontainingstorageunitsinthesamehousing Annex 6. OECD list of ICT goods (2003) 154 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View HS 2002 HS 1996 Telecommunications equipment Notes 847170847170Automaticdataprocessingmachines,storageunits 847180847180Otherunitsofautomaticdataprocessingmachines 847190847190Magneticoropticalreaders,machinesfortranscribingdataontodatamedia incodedformandmachinesforprocessingsuchdata,notelsewhere speciiedorincluded 847330847330PartsandaccessoriesofthemachinesofheadingNo.84.71 HS 2002 HS 1996 Electronic components Notes 850431850431Electricaltransformershavingapowerhandlingcapacitynotexceeding1kVA(1) 850450850450Inductors(1) 850490850490Partsof:electricaltransformers,staticconverters(forexample,rectiiers) andinductors(1) 852330852330Cardsincorporatingamagneticstripe,unrecorded(1) 852460852460Cardsincorporatingamagneticstripe,recorded(1) 852990852990Partssuitableforusesolelyorprincipallywiththeapparatusofheadings Nos.85.25to85.28exceptaerialsandaerialsrelectors 853221853221Capacitors,ixed,tantalumhavingareactivepowerhandlingcapacityof lessthan0.5kvar 853224853224Capacitors,ixed,ceramicdielectric,multilayerhavingareactivepower handlingcapacityoflessthan0.5kvar 853230853230Variableoradjustable(pre-set)capacitors 853310853310Fixedcarbonresistors,compositionorilmtypes 853321853321Electricalresistors,ixed,(includingrheostatsandpotentiometers), otherthanheatingresistors,forapowerhandlingcapacity<=20W 853329853329Electricalresistors,ixed,(includingrheostatsandpotentiometers), otherthanheatingresistors,n.e.s. 853331853331Wirewoundvariableresistors,forapowerhandlingcapacity<=20W 853339853339Resistors,wirewound,variable,n.e.s. 853340853340Othervariableresistors,includingrheostatsandpotentiometers 853390853390Partsforelectricalresistors(includingrheostatsandpotentiometers), otherthanheatingresistors 853400853400Printedcircuits 854011854011Cathode-raytelevisionpicturetubes,includingvideomonitortubes,colour 854012854012Cathode-raytelevisionpicturetubes,includingvideomonitortubes,black andwhiteorothermonochrome 854020854020Televisioncameratubes;imageconvertersandintensiiers;other photo-cathodetubes 854040854040Data/graphicdisplaytubes,colour,withaphosphordotscreenpitch smallerthan0.4mm 854050854050Data/graphicdisplaytubes,blackandwhiteorothermonochrome 854060854060Othercathode-raytubes 854071854071Microwavetubes,magnetrons,excludinggrid-controlledtubes 854072854072Microwavetubes–klystrons,excludinggrid-controlledtubes 854079854079Microwavetubes,other,excludinggrid-controlledtubes 854081854081Receiverorampliiervalvesandtubes 854089854089Valveandtubes,n.e.s. 854091854091Partsofcathode-raytubes 854099854099Partsofthermionicorphoto-cathode,valveandtubes,otherthan cathode-raytubes 854110854110Diodes,otherthanphotosensitiveorlightemittingdiodes 854121854121Transistors,otherthanphotosensitive,dissipationrate<1W 854129854129Transistors,otherthanphotosensitivetransistors,n.e.s. 854130854130Thyristors,diacsandtriacs,otherthanphotosensitivedevices 854140854140Photosensitivesemiconductordevices,includingphotovoltaiccellswhether ornotassembledinmodulesormadeupintopanels;lightemittingdiodes 854150854150Othersemiconductordevices 854160854160Mountedpiezo-electriccrystals 854190854190Partsforsemiconductordevices 155 Annex 6. OECD list of ICT goods (2003) HS 2002 HS 1996 Electronic components Notes 854210854212Cardsincorporatingelectronicintegratedcircuits(‘smart’cards)(2) 854221854213-19Digitalmonolitihicintegratedcircuits(2) 854229854230Othermonolithicintegratedcircuits(2) 854260854240Hybridintegratedcircuits(2) 854270854250Electronicmicroassemblies(2) 854290854290Partsforelectronicintegratedcircuitsandmicroassemblies HS 2002 HS 1996 Audio and video equipment Notes 851810851810Microphonesandstandstherefor 851821851821Singleloudspeakers,mountedintheirenclosures 851822851822Multipleloudspeakers,mountedinthesameenclosure 851829851829Otherloudspeakers,n.e.s 851830851830Headphonesandearphones,whetherornotcombinedwithamicrophone,andsets consistingofamicrophoneandoneormoreloudspeakers 851840851840Audio-frequencyelectricampliiers 851850851850Electricsoundampliiersets 851890851890Partsofmicrophones,loudspeakers,headphones,earphones,combinedmicrophone/ loudspeakersets,audio-frequencyelectricampliiersandelectricsoundampliiersets 851910851910Coin-ordisc-operatedrecord-players 851921851921Record-players,withoutloudspeaker 851929851929Record-players,n.e.s. 851931851931Turntableswithautomaticrecordchangingmechanism 851939851939Turntables,n.e.s. 851940851940Transcribingmachines 851992851992Pocket-sizecassette-players 851993851993Othersoundreproducingapparatus,cassette-type 851999851999Soundreproducingapparatus,notincorporatingasoundrecordingdevice,n.e.s. 852010852010Dictatingmachinesnotcapableofoperatingwithoutanexternalsourceofpower 852032852032Othermagnetictaperecordersincorporatingsoundreproducingapparatus,Digitalaudio type 852033852033Othermagnetictaperecordersincorporatingsoundreproducingapparatus,cassette-type 852039852039Othermagnetictaperecordersincorporatingsoundreproducingapparatus 852090852090Magnetictaperecordersandothersoundrecordingapparatus,whether ornotincorporatingasoundreproducingdevice,n.e.s. 852110852110Videorecordingorreproducingapparatus,whetherornotincorporating avideotuner–magnetictape-type 852190852190Videorecordingorreproducingapparatus,whetherornotincorporating avideotuner–othertype 852210852210Partsandaccessoriessuitableforusesolelyorprincipallywiththeapparatus ofheadingsNos.85.19to85.21–pick-upcartridges 852290852290Partsandaccessoriessuitableforusesolelyorprincipallywiththeapparatus ofheadingsNos.85.19to85.21–other 852311852311Magnetictapes,unrecorded,width<=4mm(1/6in.)(1) 852312852312Magnetictapes,unrecorded,width>4mm(1/6in.)but<=6.5mm(1/4in.)(1) 852313852313Magnetictapes,unrecorded,width>6.5mm(1/4in.)(1) 852320852320Magneticdiscs,unrecorded(1) 852390852390Otherpreparedunrecordedmediaforsoundrecordingorsimilarrecording ofotherphenomena,otherthanproductsofChapter37(1) 852540852540Stillimagevideocamerasandothervideocamerarecorders,digitalcameras 852712852712Pocket-sizeradiocassette-playerscapableofoperatingwithoutanexternal sourceofpower 852713852713Radio-broadcastreceivers,capableofoperatingwithoutanexternal sourceofpower,combinedwithsoundrecordingorreproducingapparatus 852719852719Otherradio-broadcastreceivers,capableofoperatingwithoutanexternal sourceofpower,notcombinedwithsoundrecordingorreproducingapparatus 852721852721Radio-broadcastreceiverswithsoundrecordingorreproducingapparatus, formotorvehicles,requiringexternalsourceofpower 852729852729Otherradio-broadcastreceiversformotorvehicles,notcombinedwithsound recordingorreproducingapparatus 156 The Global Information Society: a Statistical View HS 2002 HS 1996 Audio and video equipment Notes 852731852731Otherradio-broadcastreceivers,includingapparatuscapableofreceiving alsoradio-telephonyorradio-telegraphy,combinedwithsoundrecording orreproducingapparatus 852732852732Otherradio-broadcastreceivers,includingapparatuscapableofreceiving alsoradio-telephonyorradio-telegraphy,notcombinedwithsoundrecording orreproducingapparatusbutcombinedwithaclock 852739852739Otherradio-broadcastreceivers,includingapparatuscapableofreceiving radio-telephonyorradio-telegraphy,n.e.s. 852812852812Receptionapparatusfortelevision,whetherornotincorporating radio-broadcastreceiversorsoundorvideorecordingorreproducing apparatus,colour 852813852813Receptionapparatusfortelevision,whetherornotincorporating radio-broadcastreceiversorsoundorvideorecordingorreproducing apparatus,blackandwhiteorothermonochrome 852821852821Videomonitors,colour 852822852822Videomonitors,blackandwhiteorothermonochrome 852830852830Videoprojectors HS 2002 HS 1996 Other ICT goods Notes 846911846911Word-processingmachines 847010847010Electroniccalculatorscapableofoperationwithoutanexternalsource ofelectricpowerandpocket-sizedatarecording,reproducingand displayingmachineswithcalculatingfunctions 847021847021Otherelectroniccalculatingmachinesincorporatingaprintingdevice 847029847029Otherelectroniccalculatingmachines 847040847040Accountingmachines 847050847050Cashregisters 847310847310Partsandaccessories(otherthancovers,carryingcasesandthelike)suitable forusesolelyorprincipallywithmachinesofheadingNo.84.69 847321847321Partsandaccessoriesoftheelectroniccalculatingmachinesofsubheading No.8470.10,8470.21or8470.29 847350847350Partsandaccessoriesequallysuitableforusewithmachinesoftwoor moreoftheheadingsNos.84.69to84.72 852691852691Radionavigationalaidapparatus 852692852692Radioremotecontrolapparatus 901041901041Apparatusfortheprojectionordrawingofcircuitpatternsonsensitised semiconductormaterials–directwrite-on-waferapparatus(1) 901042901042Apparatusfortheprojectionordrawingofcircuitpatternsonsensitised semiconductormaterials–stepandrepeataligners(1) 901049901049Apparatusfortheprojectionordrawingofcircuitpatternsonsensitised semiconductormaterials–other(1) 901410901410Directionindingcompasses 901420901420Instrumentsandappliancesforaeronauticalorspacenavigation(other thancompasses) 901480901480Othernavigationalinstrumentsandappliances 901490901490Partsandaccessoriesofdirectionindingcompasses,othernavigational instrumentsandappliances 901540901540Photogrammetricalsurveyinginstrumentsandappliances 901580901580Othersurveyinginstrumentsandappliances 901811901811Electro-cardiographs(1) 901812901812Ultrasonicscanningapparatus(1) 901813901813Magneticresonanceimagingapparatus(1) 901814901814Scintigraphicapparatus(1) 901819901819Otherelectro-diagnosticapparatus(includingapparatusforfunctional exploratoryexaminationorforcheckingphysiologicalparameters)(1) 902212902212Computedtomographyapparatus(1) 902213902213OtherapparatusbasedontheuseofX-rays,fordentaluses(1) 902214902214OtherapparatusbasedontheuseofX-rays,formedical,surgicalor veterinaryuses(1) 157 Annex 6. OECD list of ICT goods (2003) HS 2002 HS 1996 Other ICT goods Notes 902219902219OtherapparatusbasedontheuseofX-rays,forotheruses(1) 902410902410Machinesandappliancesfortestingthehardness,strength,compressibility, elasticityorothermechanicalpropertiesofmaterials,metals 902480902480Othermachinesandappliancesfortestingthehardness,strength, compressibility,elasticityorothermechanicalpropertiesofmaterials 902490902490Partsandaccessoriesformachinesandappliancesfortestingthehardness, strength,compressibility,elasticityorothermechanicalpropertiesofmaterials 902620902620Instrumentsandapparatusformeasuringorcheckingthepressureofliquids orgases,excludinginstrumentsandapparatusofheadingNos.9014,9015, 9028or9032 902710902710Instrumentsandapparatusforphysicalorchemicalanalysis,gasorsmoke analysisapparatus 902730902730Spectrometers,spectrophotometersandspectrographsusingopticalradiations (UV,visible,IR) 902740902740Instrumentsandapparatusformeasuringorcheckingquantitiesofheat, soundorlight,exposuremeters 902750902750Otherinstrumentsandapparatususingopticalradiations(UV,visible,IR) 902780902780Otherinstrumentsandapparatusforphysicalorchemicalanalysis 902810902810Gasmeters 902820902820Liquidmeters 902830902830Electricitymeters 902890902890Partsforgas,liquidorelectricitysupplyorproductionmeters,including calibratingmeterstherefor 902910902910Revolutioncounters,productioncounters,taximeters,mileometers, pedometersandthelike 902920902920Speedindicatorsandtachometers;stroboscopes 902990902990Partsandaccessoriesforrevolutioncounters,productioncounters,taximeters, mileometers,pedometersandthelike;speedindicatorsandtachometers, otherthanthoseofheadingNo.90.14or90.15;stroboscopes 903010903010Instrumentsandapparatusformeasuringordetectingionisingradiations 903020903020Cathode-rayoscilloscopesandcathode-rayoscillographs 903031903031Multimeterswithoutarecordingdevice 903039903039Otherinstrumentsandapparatusformeasuringorcheckingvoltage,current, etc.withoutarecordingdevice 903040903040Otherinstrumentsandapparatus,speciallydesignedfortelecommunications (forexample,cross-talkmeters,gainmeasuringinstruments,distortionfactor meters,psophometers) 903082903082Otherinstrumentsformeasuringorcheckingsemiconductorwafersordevices 903083903083Otherinstrumentsformeasuringorcheckingsemiconductorwafersordevices witharecordingdevice 903110903110Measuringorcheckinginstruments,appliancesandmachinesn.e.s,machines forbalancingmechanicalparts 903120903120Measuringorcheckinginstruments,appliancesandmachinesn.e.s,testbenches 903130903130Measuringorcheckinginstruments,appliancesandmachinesn.e.s, proileprojectors 903141903141Otheropticalinstrumentsandappliances,forinspectingsemiconductor wafersordevicesorforinspectingphotomasksorreticlesusedin manufacturingsemiconductordevices 903180903180Othermeasuringorcheckinginstruments,appliancesandmachines,n.e.s. 903190903190Partsandaccessoriesformeasuringorcheckinginstruments,appliances andmachines,n.e.s. 903210903210Thermostats 903220903220Manostats 903289903289Otherautomaticregulatingorcontrollinginstrumentsandapparatus,n.e.s. 903290903290Partsandaccessoriesforautomaticregulatingorcontrollinginstruments andapparatus Source: Guide to Measuring the Information Society 2005 (OECD, 2005b). Notes: Titles are according to the 2002 Harmonized System. Some have been changed slightly in the interests of clarity and space. (1) Industry of origin not in the OECD ICT sector (2002). (2) HS 1996 and HS 2002 codes differ.
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